Criminal offending RNR and GLM Flashcards
RNR aim and assumptions
General aims
- Aim: reduce amount of harm inflicted on community
- Treatment targets = research associated with reducing recidivism
Assumptions
- Individuals vary in their predisposition to commit crimes
- Variation can be predicted
- Variation in risk due to the number and severity of criminogenic needs
- Individuals treated humanely
- Offender rights trumped y community needs (e.g., being in prison)
what does Risk mean, what 3 principles based off, how to implement,
Risk – who do we target for the greatest effect
= Intensity serves matched to risk level (higher risk = more intensive service)
- Principles-based off:
1. The best use of recourses.
a. Nadesu 2006 = if we target 100 high needs = 41pt reduction if target low group = less # of point reduction (less band for your buck)
2. Literature/ dosage studies
a. Bonta et al 2000 = among high risk in more intensive service = big reduction (20pt) while the low risk in high-risk service = had an increase (maybe anti-social peers, self-fulfilling prophecy)
3. Do no harm
To implement the risk principle need a risk assessment
*Risk factors = characteristics associated with an increased chance of future offending
- Static = historic, unchangeable, e.g., criminal history
- Dynamic = CRIMINOGENIC NEEDS – changeable risk factors that contribute to the likelihood that someone will commit further
* Dynamic risk factors increase with going through life with static risk factors
What is the Need principle
Criminogenic vs non criminogenic
Need – what do we target to decrease offending (areas with empirical support)
- Treatment should target criminogenic needs (7/8 of the central 8)
- Non-criminogenic = poor self-esteem, anxiety, learning disability, lack of parenting, medical
o These are not associated strongly with offending (since guided by reducing risk won’t spend time on this), don’t ignore but shouldn’t expect that spending time on this will decrease offending – Increasing self-esteem without criminogenic risk = confident criminal
o Bonta 2017: effect size for criminogenic (0.2) and nonon-criminogenic need (0)
What is the responsivity principle,
drop out
Responsivity – The how
- Style of intervention delivery
- consideration to unique needs of individuals (E.g., culture, gender, age, learning style, level of motivation, intellectual ability, personality) – may need to address barriers first or alongside or just adjust tx
- Oliver 2011 = more likely to drop out (attrition) if:
o -ve attitude to tx, disruptive behaviour, denial, poor engagement in tx, low motivation – so need to work on these
o Attrition (drop out) = recidivism
o Not weed out people with qualities that are more likely to drop out as they are the ones that we need in treatment!!
- Evidence based = CBT works
*Address attrition (drop out) by:
- Sensitive to educational level and cultural differences (programs usually from one perspective)
- Match the level of change (pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance) and use MI to get them motivated before starting
Criticm of RNR
- Adhering to RNR is necessary but not sufficient
- need more strength base – need “approach” not just “avoid” goal not just what they shouldn’t but what should they do
- RNR can be to deficit-focused and reduces strengths.
What is the GLM aims
General aims
- Reducing risk
- Attaining fulfilling life, psychological well-being
Assumptions
- Collaborative, motivational, strength-based
- Integrated with RNR, not as a stand-alone or add-on module
GLM what are primary goods and secondary goods
Primary Goods
- All human beings are goal-directed and want to seek primary human goods
- Everyone has a good life plan impacted by the value we place on each primary good and the plan of how to get this – people will vary on how important the primary goods are
Secondary or instrumental goods
- represent concrete means/ways/methods of seeking primary goods
- can be linked with offending or prosocial
- e.g., exercise (2nd) to achieve happiness (primary)
- Dynamic risk factors = internal or external obstacles that block a person from achieving primary goods in pro-social ways
- If a person relies on anti-social peers to pursue connectedness than the 2nd goal is a risk factor
10 priimary good and example secondary goods
acronym
Looks like
Carol
Wants
Cam
Sarah
Keeps
Praying
It
Rains
Heavly
10 primary goods / “Common Life Goal”
1. Life – Healthy living and functioning – basic needs – 2nd goal = income, nutrition, breaking into place to sleep, stealing food to survive
2. Learning and Knowing
3. Being good at Work & Play
4. Personal Choice & Independence – 2nd goal = assert and communicate needs, dominates, abuses, manipulate to get personal control
5. Inner Peace – emotional regulation – 2nd goal = minimise distress, exercise, meditate, substance use/sexual activity
6. Relationship and friendships
7. Community
8. Spirituality
9. Happiness – 2nd goal = leisure activities, sport, sex, drugs, sex
10. Creativity
Offending and primary goods link + 4 things that can go wrong
!!
Offending and other life problems result from flaws in implementing a good life plan:
1. Means – wanting connection but through assaulting others
2. Lack of scope – eggs in one basket – want happiness but think you can only get it in one narrow way
3. Conflict among goals/goods sought – the pursuit of one goal lessens the other of being achieved, socialising means too tired to rest the next day to study – one goal connect impact the other goal
4. Lack of capacity (internal and external) – lack of ability to form a life plan, too unassertive is then linked to aggression or external lack of ability
GLM assessment
learn pic
- As per the RNR-based assessment
- Identification of valued common life goals and goals implicated in offending
o Ask them what’s important to them, What situations or activities hold a lot of meaning to them, can infer the 10 from these convos - Assessment of each common life goal - weighting, past and current means used to attain goal, problems attaining goals – identify flaws in good life plan
- Fill in this pic
GLM treatment
- How to help achieve their goals is not about decreasing the risk factors but these get addressed incidentally – not just “were doing this to make you less risky”
- Need to match to the level of risk like RNR
- Approach rather than avoidance – if you feel like [criminal behaviour] you should try doing [alternative behaviour]
RELATE BACK TO 10 LIFE PLAN
- Cognition/problem solving = knowledge, peace of mind, personal choice and independence, relationship and friendship
- Relationships/intimacy deficits = relationship and friendships, community
- General Self-Regulation = Peace of Mind, Personal Choice & Independence, etc
GLM evidence
- Findings are mixed: offending as means to attain primary goals – 4 studies found this to be true and 2 found no relationship
- New not like RNR
- Still some support: GLM is at least as effective as standard relapse prevention + enhanced motivation for treatment
