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AQA A-Level Sociology PHS > Crime & Media - 4.6 > Flashcards

Crime & Media - 4.6 Flashcards

1
Q

Media Rep of Crime (KS)

A

> Wilson & Dickinson (Media Rep)

> Cohen & Young (Social Construction of News, News Values)

> Mandel (Fictional Rep)

> Surette (Fictional Representation (FR) & Law of Opposites, & 3 Recent Trends)

> Osbourne (Crime as Postmodern Spectacle)

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2
Q

Examples of Media Distortion of Crime

A

> Overreps violent & sexual crime

> Criminals & V’s portrayed as older & more MC > reality

> Exaggerate police success in clearing up cases

> Exaggerate risk of victimisation

> Reported as series of separate events

> Overplays extraordinary crime

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3
Q

Overreps violent & sexual crime - Examples of Media Distortion of Crime

A

Most media reports on this area, but made up only 3% of recorded crime

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4
Q

Criminals & V’s portrayed as older & more MC > reality - Examples of Media Distortion of Crime

A

> e.g. Felson - Age Fallacy

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5
Q

Exaggerate police success in clearing up cases - Examples of Media Distortion of Crime

A

> Police big source of info & present themselves in positive light talking to Journalist

> Journalist modify rep of police as good, so continue to give them + info

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6
Q

Exaggerate risk of victimisation - Examples of Media Distortion of Crime

A

e.g. of women, white ppl & MC+, but in reality their - likely to be V’s

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7
Q

Reported as series of separate events - Examples of Media Distortion of Crime

A

Rather than being linked to underlying causes & no discussion on what these are

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8
Q

Overplays extraordinary crime - Examples of Media Distortion of Crime

A

> e.g. Feslon - Dramatic Fallacy e.g. media wants to focus on dramatic crimes to get ppl enagaged.

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9
Q

Social Construction of News - Cohen & Young

A

> Media gives distorted pic of crime, so is SC, news isn’t discovered but manufactured

> Not simply out their to be collected, rather process of selection/rejection occurs

> So some stories are selected & others rejected

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10
Q

News Values - Cohen & Young

A

Criteria used to decide if story is newsworthy enough & has + chance of making news if it meets values

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11
Q

Examples of News Values

A

> Risk: V stories on vulnerability & fear
Violence: Visual & spectucular acts

> Celebrities
> Unexpectedness 
> Personalisation: Human interests stories about individuals 
> Immediacy: Breaking News
> Dramatisation: Action & Excitement
> Simplification: Clear stories

RV CUPIDS

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12
Q

Link vs News Values & Crime

A

Media give lots of attention to crime as it focuses on unusual & abnormal behaviour, making it + newsworthy

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13
Q

Mandel - Fictional Representations

A

> From 1945-85, 10 bil crime thrillers sold & 20% of films are crime-related

> So influence our understanding of crime.

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14
Q

Surette - Fictional Representation (FR) & Law of Opposites

A

> FR are direct opposite to OS = news coverage e.g. property crimes is underep & violence & sex crime are overep

> FR of sex crimes are done by psychopathic stranger, but irl usually acquaintances

> FR of cops always seen as getting their man, but lots of crimes are unsolved

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15
Q

Surette - Fictional Representation (FR) & Law of Opposites (3 Recent Trends)

A

> ‘Reality’ now feature young, non-white offenders.

>

  • tendency to see police as corrupt & brutal

> V’s more central, w/ law enforcers seen as avenger & audiences invited to identify w/ suffering

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16
Q

Osbourne - Crime as Postmodern Spectacle

A

> Media reporting of crime driven by need for a spectacle.

> Engaging as audiences are repelled by activities & fascinated @ = time.

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17
Q

Media as a Cause of Crime

A

> Tumber (Fear of Crime)
Greer & Reiner (Fear of Crime)

> Lea & Young (Media, RD & Crime)

> Hayward & Young - Cultural Criminology (Media-Scape)

> Fenwick & Hayward - Cultural Criminology (Media & Commodification)

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18
Q

General view on Media as cause of Crime

A

> Negative effect on young & WC, rap lyrics, horror films & games

> e.g. GTA criticised for encouraging violence & criminality.

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19
Q

Ways in Media Causes Crime

A 
> Imitation
> Arousal
> Desensitisation
> Transmitting Knowledge
> Stimulating desires for unaffordable goods 
> Glamourisation of Offending
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20
Q

Imitation

A

Copycat behaviour e.g. deviant role models

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21
Q

Arousal

A

Viewing violent /sexual imagery.

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22
Q

Desensitisation

A

Repeated violent/sexual imagery.

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23
Q

Transmitting Knowledge

A

Of criminal techniques

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24
Q

Stimulating desires for unaffordable goods

A

e.g. through advertising leading to innovation/LR & RD

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25
Glamourisation of Offending
Making it seem cool
26
Criticisms of Media Causing Crime
Research shows exposure to media violence, has little neg effect
27
Livingstone - Criticisms of Media Causing Crime
Despite findings, societies still obsessed by desire for childhood to be GA of innocence
28
Media & Fear of Crime
> Media exaggerate violent crime & risks of certain groups becomming V’s e.g. young w & oap > Causing unrealistic fear of crime
29
Tumber - Fear of Crime
> + media use correlates w/ + levels of fear of crime > e.g. tabloid & heavy TV users show + fear of becoming a V of mugging or physical attack
30
Criticisms of Tumber
> Correlation don’t prove media viewing causes fear > e.g. those already fearful of going out @ night, watch + TV as they stay in more
31
Greer & Reiner - Fear of Crime
> Ignores ppl give diff meanings to media violence e.g. in cartoons, horror flims & news > Shows interactionist idea if we want to look @ effects of media, need look @ meanings of what they see & read
32
Lea & Young - Media, RD & Crime
> Media + RD among poor =, who have media access & presented w/ images of materialistic ideal life to strive towards > Stimulates RD & social exclusion felt by poor, who can’t afford material goods, so turn to crime
33
Cultural Criminology - Hayward & Young (Media-Scape)
> In media-saturated society now immersed in media scape incl. images of crime > Blurs boundary vs image & reality > e.g. gang assaults staged for camera & put together in underground fight videos
34
Cultural Criminology - Fenwick & Hayward (Media & Commodification)
> Images of crime used to sell product, so it becomes a style to be consumed & marketed to youth as e.g. romantic & exciting > Fashion industry trades on images of forbidden brands e.g. Opium, Poison & Obsession & S60 > Works opposite way too e.g. if brands associated w/ criminality it’s banned in pubs & clubs & become tools of classification for potential criminals
35
Moral Panic
Exaggerated & irrational overreaction by society to a perceived problem.
36
Criticisms of Definition of Moral Panic
Who decides if societal reaction is overreaction, LR & RR argue ppl’s fear of crime is rational
37
Process of Moral Panic
> Media see group as threat to societal values, negatively stereotyping them, exaggerates issue > ME reject behaviour, leads to call for crackdown, creating SFP & amplifies issue causing initial panic > e.g. special drug squad, so police discover more drug taking > Crackdown identifies + deviants, calls for tougher action, creates DAS
38
Moral Panic (KS)
> Cohen (Moral Panic & Mods & Rockers & Wider-Context) > Functionalism > Neo Marxist
39
Cohen - Moral Panic & Mods & Rockers
> 2 teen subcultures were initially friends & not deviant but their were confrontations during easter weekend > e.g. a few scuffles & minor property damage, exaggerated by media > Overnight a new folk devil was created & created MP
40
3 Elements to Media Exaggeration of Mods & Rockers
> Symbolisation > Exaggeration & Distortion > Prediction
41
Symbolisation - 3 Elements to Media Exaggeration of Mods & Rockers
> Media used symbolic shorthands e.g. hairstyles, clothing & music as icons of troublemakers > Provided list 2 wider society to beware of these ppl & so negatively labelled > Media use of symbols allowed them to link, unconnected events
42
Exaggeration & Distortion - 3 Elements to Media Exaggeration of Mods & Rockers
> Media exaggerated NO’s & seriousness of violence & damage, distorting pic, through sensational headlines > Non-events even reported as news e.g. invasions not materialising
43
Prediction - 3 Elements to Media Exaggeration of Mods & Rockers
> Media predicted + conflict would ensue
44
2 Stages to how Media created DAS
> Making problem appear out of hand > Amplified deviance defining 2 groups & emphasising supposed diff
45
Making problem appear out of hand - 2 Stages to how Media created DAS
Led to calls for + control response by police & courts & further stigma of M&R as deviants & - tolerant of them
46
Amplified deviance defining 2 groups & emphasising supposed diff - 2 Stages to how Media created DAS
> So more youths adopted these styles & attracted + participants for future clashes > Encouraged SFP as youths acted out roles media gave them > In large scales societies, most have no exp of event, so rely on media, allowing them to portray them as folk devils
47
Cohen - Wider Context, Moral Panic & M&R
> MP due to boundary crisis, uncertainty on boundary vs moral & immoral behaviour @ time of social change > Folk devils give focus to popular anxieties about social disorder
48
Functionalist view on Moral Panics
> MP responds to anomie created by change, dramatises threat to society through image of FD > So media raises CC & reassert social control when central values are threatened.
49
NM view on Moral Panics
> NM used concept of MP e.g. Hall, argue MP on mugging used to distract attention from crisis of capitalism > Dividing WC on racial grounds & legitimate authoritarian rule.
50
General Criticisms of Moral Panic
> Why some problems are amplified & others not, why do they die down instead of increasing infinitely
51
A03 Criticisms of MP (KS)
> LR | > McRobbie & Thornton (Frequency & Context)
52
LR - Criticisms of MP
> Assumes societal reaction is overtop, but who decides what’s proportionate reaction or panicky 1 > LR feel fear of crime is rational
53
McRobbie & Thornton - Frequency
Of MP has + so not noteworthy
54
McRobbie & Thornton - Context
> Little consensus > deviancy e.g. LPF, Pre-Martial Sex, > No longer seen as deviant, so harder for media to create MP
55
Global Cyber-Crime (KS)
> Thomas & Loader (Definition of Cybercrime) > Jewkes (New Opportunities) > Wall (4 Categories of Cybercrime)
56
Thomas & Loader - Definition of Cybercrime
Computer-mediated activities illegal or illicit & done through global electronic networks
57
Jewkes - New Opportunities
Internet creates chance to do conventional crimes e.g. fraud & new crimes w/ tools e.g. software piracy
58
Wall - 4 Categories of Cybercrime
> Cyber-Trespass > Cyber-Deception > Cyber-Porn > Cyber-Violence
59
Cyber-Trespass
Hacking others property e.g. spreading viruses
60
Cyber-Deception
Identity theft e.g. phishing & violation of intellectual property rights e.g. illegal downloading
61
Cyber-Pornography
Involves minor & chances for kids to access it on the net
62
Cyber-Violence
Physiological harm e.g. cyberstalking, hate crimes vs minority groups & text-bullying
63
Policing Cyber Crime
> Difficult due to scale of internet, limited resources of police & globalised nature > But new ICT, gives police & state + chances to surveil pop > e.g. CCTV, Electronic Databases, Fingerprints etc

AQA A-Level Sociology PHS (36 decks)

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