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AQA A-Level Sociology PHS > 4.2 - Class, Power & Crime (Marxism) > Flashcards

4.2 - Class, Power & Crime (Marxism) Flashcards

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1
Q

How do Functionalist explain Class Differences in Crime?

A

> Due to inadequate socialisation e.g. Durkheim

> Miller - Focal Concerns

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2
Q

How does Strain Theory explain Class Differences in Crime

A

> e.g. Merton

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3
Q

How do Subcultural Theories explain Class Differences in Crime?

A

> e.g. Cohen Status frustration and Cloward and Ohlin - 3 subcultures

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4
Q

How does Labelling Theory explain Class Differences in Crime?

A

No act is deviant, labelling makes it so, working class people are more likely to be labelled.

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5
Q

General Marxist View on Crime

A

> Law mainly enforced selectively against the working class, and official statistics are flawed

> The Criminal Justice System serves upper class interests & the structure of capitalism explains crime.

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6
Q

Criminogenic Capitalism

A

Crime inevitable, as capitalism is criminogenic - it’s very nature causes crime, as it’s based on exploiting the working class for profit.

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7
Q

Why does working class crime occur due to Capitalism being criminogenic?

A

> Poverty means crime is only way the working class can survive

> Only way of getting consumer goods, promoted by advertising leading to utilitarian crimes e.g. theft

> Alienation causes frustration, leading non-utilitarian crimes e.g. violence

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8
Q

Why does upper class crime occur due to Capitalism being criminogenic?

A

Win at all costs mentality instilled, encourages greed profit, so do corporate crime e.g. tax evasion

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9
Q

Marxism - Class & Crime Key Sociologists

A

> Chambliss (Criminogenic Capitalism, State & Law Making)

> Gordon (Prevalence of Crime)

> Mankoff (Welfare State & Crime)

> Snider (State & Law Making)

> Reinan (Selective Enforcement)

> Pearce (Ideological Functions of Crime & Law)

> Althusser (Ideology)

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10
Q

Chambliss - Criminogenic Capitalism

A

> Crime’s universal & present in all social classes, due to focus on utilitarian gains

> Working class & upper class both used different means to get goods, working class have limited means of crime so use violence & thefts

> Upper class have more options e.g. white-collar crime e.g. fraud or corporate crime

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11
Q

Criticisms of Chambliss

A

Too deterministic, not all working class turn to crime, despite financial position

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12
Q

Gordon - Prevalence of Crime

A

> Crime is rational response to capitalism in a dog eat dog society - present in all classes

> Especially in US with lack of welfare, so working class have to do crime to survive

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13
Q

Mankoff (Welfare State & Crime)

A

> Lower levels of crime in the EU than US, as basic needs e.g. healthcare & food etc are met

> So feel protected by state & don’t do crime

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14
Q

Chambliss - State & Law Making

A

> Main purpose of law was to protect wealth from masses

> e.g. English law introduced in East Africa, but didn’t want to work for British

> Government made tax with punishment for non-payment, led to new workforce for plantation owners, so they can pay tax

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15
Q

Snider - State & Law Making

A

> State is reluctant to pass laws, regulating businesses e.g. profit is more important than people

> People who commit corporate crime are less likely to be prosecuted

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16
Q

How do the upper class create Laws?

A

> Connections with officials to pass laws, protecting private property

> Big companies use pressure groups to pass laws in their interests

> Ownership of the free press (newspapers), make working class activities seem deviant & in need of control

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17
Q

Examples of Laws in favour of the upper class

A

> Tax laws allows companies to avoid tax, with registered offices in tax havens

> Non-implementation for recommendations of Grenfell, due to costs for companies

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18
Q

Reinan - Selective Enforcement

A

> Powerless groups more likely to be criminalised, courts tend to ignore crimes of powerful

> e.g. Social Security Fraud by WC always prosecuted, but tax evasion of UC isn’t

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19
Q

Example of how Law is Selectively Enforced

A

> 47K knife crimes in UK vs 69K workplace accidents

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20
Q

Pearce - Ideological Functions of Crime & Law

A

> Laws appearing to benefit WC often benefit UC more

> e.g. health & safety laws, keeps workers fit 4 wrk, creates FCC.

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21
Q

Criticisms of Law Creation in favour of UC

A

> Laws created for harmonious running of society e.g. theft, violence etc.

> Consumer rights laws, protects our rights

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22
Q

Ideological Functions of Crime & Law

A

> State enforces law selectively due to OS crime appears a WC phenomenon, shifts attention from UC crime

> Divides WC encouraging workers to blame criminals for problems not capitalism

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23
Q

Althusser - Ideology

A

> Some reject ISA, so control & order thus needs to be maintained through RSA

> Police & Army use physical force to deal with those who rebel vs social order

> e.g. 2011 Riots & Police response to BLM, works in favour of UC

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24
Q

Criticisms of Althusser

A

Most reject ISA of UC, w/out rebelling to an extent that needs RSA to intervene

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25
Q

Marxism A03 - Key Sociologists

A

> Left Realists

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26
Q

Left Realists - Criticisms of Marxism

A

Marx focuses on crimes of powerful ignores most crimes v WC v WC e.g. theft

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27
Q

General Evaluation of Marxism

A

> Criminals become V, as unequal society is actually to blame

> Not all capitalist societies have + crime rates e.g. Japan less crime > US

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28
Q

3 ways NM agrees w/ Marx

A

> Capitalism based on exploitation & inequality, key to understanding crime

> State enforces laws for benefit of UC

> Favour classless society, where crimes greatly reduced

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29
Q

NM - Critical Criminology (KS)

A

> Taylor (Anti-Determinism & Crime as Voluntarist, FSTOD)

> Hall (FSTOD - Policing the Crisis)

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30
Q

Anti-Determinism (Taylor)

A

Reject idea workers do crime due to poverty as well as ext factors e.g. anomie & labelling

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31
Q

Crime as Voluntarist (Taylor)

A

> Criminals make conscious choice to do crime, to desperately change society

> Often w/ political motive eg. redistributing wealth & not puppets of capitalism.

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32
Q

A03 of Crime as Voluntarist (KS)

A

> Rock (Romantic)

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33
Q

Rock - Criticisms of Taylor

A

> Overly romantic view of criminals e.g ‘’robin hoods’’ fighting injustice, LR states most crimes by WC v WC

> Ignores effects on WC v’s

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34
Q

General Criticisms of Taylor

A

Crimes e.g. DV/Rape not politically motivated, RR state crime is opportunistic, not reaction to injustice

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35
Q

Aims of Taylor’s FSTOD

A

Comprehensive theory to change society for better

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36
Q

2 Sources of FSTOD

A

> Marx: Ideas on inequality & law enforcement

> Interactionism: Effects of labelling & societal reactions

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37
Q

6 Elements of a FSTOD

A
  1. Origins of Deviant Act
  2. Immediate Origins of Deviant Act
  3. Act itself & meaning for actor
  4. Immediate Origins of Social Reaction
  5. Wider Origins of Social Reaction
  6. Effects of Labelling
38
Q
  1. Origins of Deviant Act - FSTOD
A

Power structures in society & social inequality

39
Q
  1. Immediate Origins of Deviant Act - FSTOD
A

Context person decides to commit act e.g. loss of job

40
Q
  1. Act itself & meaning for actor - FSTOD
A

e.g. was it a form of rebellion v capitalism

41
Q
  1. Immediate Origins of Social Reaction - FSTOD
A

Reactions of those around deviant e.g. police & society

42
Q
  1. Wider Origins of Social Reaction - FSTOD
A

Those w/ power to define deviant actions & why some get treated harsher than others

43
Q
  1. Effects of Labelling - FSTOD
A

Deviant’s future actions

44
Q

Hall - FSTOD - Policing the Crisis

A
  1. 70’s time of social crisis
  2. Riots & Strikes
  3. Mugging - police stigmatise black men
  4. Media Outrage @ muggings
  5. Need for scapegoat, black men easily blamed
  6. Felling of injustice for BAME & confidence in CJS
45
Q

AO3 - Overall Criticisms of NM (KS)

A

> Feminist

> Burke

46
Q

Feminist - Criticisms of NM

A

Gender blind, only focus on male criminality not female

47
Q

Burke - Criticisms of NM

A

Too general to explain crime irl & too idealistic to tackle crime

48
Q

WCC

A

> Done by ppl w/ high status, through his occupation

49
Q

2 Types of WCC Crime

A

> Occupational Crime

> Corporate Crime

50
Q

Occupational Crime

A

Done by employees for personal gain e.g. stealing from company

51
Q

Corporate Crime

A

Done by employees for companies benefit e.g. to increase profits

52
Q

Crimes of the Powerful (KS)

A

> Tombs (Problem w/ WCC, Scale of CC)
Carrabine et al (Abuse of Trust)
Sutherland (Abuse of Trust)

53
Q

Problem w/ WCC (Tombs)

A

> Harms of UC don’t breach criminal law e.g. administrative offences

> e.g. companies failing to comply w/ codes of practice

> Powerful companies influence law, so actions aren’t criminalised

54
Q

Scale of CC (Tombs)

A

> Does more harm > street crime, huge costs e.g. deaths, injuries, pollutions

> Not just by a few, but widespread & routine

55
Q

Examples of CC

A

> Financial Crimes

> Against Consumers

> Against Employees

> Against Environment

> State CC

56
Q

Examples of Financial Crimes & Against Consumers

A

> Financial Crimes: e.g. tax evasion, bribery

> Against Consumers: e.g. selling unfit goods, illegal testing, hiding defects

57
Q

Examples of Against Employees & Environment & State CC

A

> Against Employees: e.g. breaking health & safety laws

> Against Environment: e.g. toxic waste dumping

> State CC: When gov & companies team up to pursue goals

58
Q

Breast Implant Example - Crime vs Consumers

A

> A breast implant company, give women breast implants filled w/ dangerous industrial silicone > expensive medical silicone

> 300K sold over world

59
Q

Grenfell Example - State CC

A

Priv contractors exempt from prosecution for testifying

60
Q

Carrabine et al - Abuse of Trust

A

> Professionals have positions of trust w/our finances, health & info but can violate this trust

> e.g. GP Harold Shipman killing 15 of his patients

61
Q

Sutherland - Abuse of Trust

A

> WCC more of threat to society than WC crime

> As it leads to distrust of key institutions & undermines fabric of society

62
Q

Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A 
> Media
> Lack of Political Will
> Complex
> De-Labelling
> Under-Reporting
63
Q

Media - Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A

> Limited coverage of CC, reinforces idea crimes WC issue

> Sugarcoat CC crime e.g. embezzlement as ‘’accounting irregularities’’

> & death @ work are accidents not negligence

64
Q

Lack of Political Will - Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A

> To tackle CC instead focused on street crime

> e.g. HO used crime surveys to explore ordinary crime, not CC.

65
Q

Complex - Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A

Law enforcers under-resourced & lack technical expertise to investigate effectively.

66
Q

De-Labelling - Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A

CC filtered out of process of criminalisation, seen as civil not criminal penalties are often fines & not jail.

67
Q

Example of De-Labelling

A

> 3.6K UK ppl had secret bank accounts w/ HSBC to avoid tax

> But there was only 1 persecution & no action v HSBC

68
Q

Partial Visibility of CC Crime

A

> Media investigations into CC crime so + visible > past.

> Due to privatisation of public services, companies + involved in daily lives

> So now exposed to + scrutiny.

69
Q

Explanations of CC

A 
> Strain Theory
> Differential Association
> Labelling Theory
> Marxism
> Organisational Cultures
> Globalisation
> De-Regulation of Laws
70
Q

Strain Theory, DA & Labelling Theory - Explanations of CC (KS)

A

> Box (Strain Theory)
Clinard & Yeager (Strain Theory)

> Sutherland (DA)
Sykes & Matza (TON) (DA)

> Cicourel (LT)
Nelken (De-Labelling) (LT)

71
Q

Box (Strain Theory) - Explanations of CC

A

If companies are in tough situations & can’t maximise profit by legal means, they may be tempted to innovate

72
Q

Clinard & Yeager (Strain Theory) - Explanations of CC

A

> Law violations by large companies increased when financial performance fell.

> Highlighting willingness to achieve through innovation

73
Q

Sutherland (DA) - Explanations of CC

A

> Criminal behaviour is learned from associating w/ ppl w/ criminal attitudes, leads us to be deviant ourselves.

> Culture of business favours aggressive personality types willing to achieve through crime - becomes socialised.

74
Q

Sykes & Matza (Techniques of Neutralization) (DA) - Explanations of CC

A

> Ppl deviate easier if they produce justifications to neutralise objections to it

> e.g. say they were carrying orders from above or say everyones doing it.

75
Q

Cicourel (LT) - Explanations of CC

A

MC able to negotiate non-criminal labels for behaviour

76
Q

Nelken (De-Labelling) (LT) - Explanations of CC

A

> Act is only criminal if labelled, companies can avoid this through expensive rep.

> Reduce seriousness of charges & hide criminal behaviour

> Enforcement agencies can’t investigate effectively reducing NO of offences labelled.

77
Q

Marxism, Organisational Cultures, De-Regulation of Laws, Globalisation - Explanations of CC (KS)

A

> Box (Mystification)
Pearce (Smokescreen)

> Tombs & Snider (Organisational Cultures)

> Tombs & Whyte (De-Regulation of Laws)

78
Q

Marxism - Explanations of CC

A

> CC results from capitalist goals, corporations only comply if enforce strictly

> They’re criminogenic as if legit means for profit is blocked they’ll resort to illegal means

79
Q

Box - Mystification (Marxism) - Explanations of CC

A

Spreads ideology CC is less harmful > WC crime, so stops state making laws conflicting w/ interests

80
Q

Pearce - Smokescreen (Marxism) - Explanations of CC

A

> Some CC is prosecuted, but only tip of iceberg, acts as a smokescreen

> Gives illusion state have CC crime under control, but in reality they get away w/ large amounts of crime

81
Q

General Criticisms of Marxism - Explanations of CC

A

Doesn’t explain crime of non-profit organisations e.g. state

82
Q

AO3 - Marxism - Explanations of CC (KS)

A

> Nelken

> Braithwaite

83
Q

Nelken - Criticisms of Marxism (Explanations of CC)

A

> Unrealistic all business would offend w/out risk of punishment

> due to factors e.g. maintaining PR w/other companies

84
Q

Braithwaite - Criticisms of Marxism (Explanations of CC)

A

> Law-abiding more profitable than breaking e.g. pharmaceutical companies complying w/ FDA rules

> Could access lucrative markets in poor countries, due to guarantee of quality

85
Q

Tombs & Snider (Organisational Cultures) - Explanation of CC

A

> Culture of corporations leds to criminal behaviour

> Excessive competitions leds to risk taking - placing profit > ppl - need to please shareholders

> Making decisions unethical, but able to use bylaws to protect them

86
Q

Deregulation of Laws - Explanation of CC

A

> Increase in CC as of less risk breaking regulations, when caught companies are fined

> But these are low - so not disincentive

87
Q

Tombs & Whyte (Deregulation of Laws) - Explanation of CC

A

> Decrease in health & safety inspections est 2000

> Allowing companies to breach this putting staff & customers @ risk

88
Q

Globalisation - Explanation of CC

A

> Led big companies goto countries w/ less law, eco power of companies outmuscles gov of these nations

> So don’t oppose actions as they want to attract TNC’s to boost employment & popularity w/ppl

> But = human exploitation & health & safety issues

89
Q

Bangladesh Factory Collapse Example of Globalisation

A

Workers for Gap, Matalan & major retailers, saw 1K+ workers killed when factories collapsed

90
Q

Undereporting - Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A

> Often V is whole of society, not just 1 person. V’s unaware of being victimised.

> Don’t see it as real crime or feel powerless & not report offence

AQA A-Level Sociology PHS (36 decks)

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