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AQA A-Level Sociology PHS > 4.8 - Control & Punishment > Flashcards

4.8 - Control & Punishment Flashcards

1
Q

3 Crime Prevention Theories

A

> SCP
ECP
SCCP

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2
Q

Crime Prevention & Control (KS)

A

> Clarke (Target Hardening, Rational Choice Theory & SCP & Contrast w/ Root Cause Theories)

> Feslon (SCP & Port Authority) (PA)

> Wilson & Keilling (Broken Window Theory & 0 Tolerance Policing & NY Example)

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3
Q

Clarke - General view on Situational Crime Prevention

A

Reducing chances for crime, targeting specific crime, + risks of crime & - rewards & managing environment

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4
Q

Clarke (Target Hardening, Rational Choice Theory & SCP)

A

> Make it harder to be target of crime e.g. bars on windows, alarms systems, more CCTV

> Reshaping environment to design crime out of area, based on RCT

> e.g. burglar weighs + & - of robbing each home, if home used TH - likely to rob

> If haven’t + likely as they feel they’ll get away w/it.

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5
Q

Clarke (SCP & Contrast w/ Root Cause Theories)

A

> Instead of looking @ factors e.g. socialisation or capitalism

> Need for focus on immediate situation - most crime opportunistic, so - opportunities = - crime

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6
Q

Feslon (SCP & Port Authority) (PA)

A

> PA, area w/ lots of crime e.g. drugs, prostitutes, homeless

> Due to poor design, lead to + chances for deviancy, design crime out stops deviant activity

> e.g. large sinks homeless used to bathe, replaced w/ small hand basins

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7
Q

Chaiken - Criticisms of SCP (Displacement Theory)

A

> Doesn’t stop crime but moves it to diff area, in NY crackdown on subway crime, made it safer area

> But simply moved to streets instead

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8
Q

Types of Displacement

A

> Spatial (Somewhere else)
Temporal (Another time)
Target (Diff V)
Functional (do diff crime) > Tactical (Diff method)

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9
Q

Overall Criticisms of SCP

A

> Works for opportunistic street crime, not CC crime

> Not all criminals make rational choices in crime of violence, under influence of drugs/alcohol

> CCTV: focuses too much on young M & WC, feminists see it as male gaze, observe F & try control them

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10
Q

General View on Environmental Crime Prevention (ECP)

A

Improve local area & deal w/ low lvl crime e.g. vandalism, graffiti & loitering.

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11
Q

Wilson & Keilling (Broken Window Theory) (ECP)

A

> Signs of disorder e.g. graffiti, littering, vandalism, aren’t dealt w/ giving signal no one crimes

> So ppl wanting to do crime see police aren’t policing it well & feel they’ll get away w/ it

> Absence of control leds to crime, members of community, feel intimidated & powerless

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12
Q

Wilson & Keilling (0 Tolerance Policing)

A

> Need 4 crackdown on disorder e.g. environmental improvement strategy - any broken window repaired immediately

> Police don’t just focus on serious crime, but all minor thing, stops neighbourhood decline & serious crime

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13
Q

Wilson & Keilling (0 Tolerance Policing, NY Example)

A

> Prior graffiti issue, new clean car policy, for graffiti to be cleaned from cars immediately

> So graffiti artists realised it’s waste of time, money so just stopped doing It.

> Also big fall in homicide rates between 93 & 96

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14
Q

Criticisms of 0 Tolerance Policing, NY Example

A

> Can’t know if fall in crime was due to 0 tolerance, but factors

> e.g. + police NO’s & falling unemployment, lack of cocaine availability etc.

> Criminalises petty deviants e.g. net widening

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15
Q

General View on Social & Community Crime Prevention (SCCP)

A

> Remove conditions causing ppl to do crime in 1st place, long term strategy

> Focus on reducing root causes e.g. poverty, unemployment & lack of housing etc.

> Even if policies on poverty etc, not main focus, likely to - crime as side effect

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16
Q

Example of SCCP Perry Pre-School Project (Michigan)

A

> Supplementary education w/enrichment programme & weekly home visits, for EM kids

> Longitudinal study over 40yrs, kids had - crime rates

> & calculated every dollar spent, 17 saved in welfare & prison costs.

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17
Q

Criticisms of SCCP

A

> Expensive & long term, gov’s only think about shorter periods of time

> Doesn’t deal w/ CC

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18
Q

Surveillance

A

Monitor behaviour to control & gather data on ppl & use it to regulate their behaviour e.g. CCTV

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19
Q

Surveillance (KS)

A

> Foucault (Birth of Prison, Panopticon, Dispersal of Discipline)
Baumann & Lyon (Post-Panoptical Society)

> Mathieson (Synoptic Surveillance)
Thompson (Impact of Synopticon on Politicians)

> Ericson (Surveillant Assemblages) (SA)

> Feely & Simon (Actuarial Justice)
Young (Actuarial Justice)
Lyon (Actuarial Justice)

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20
Q

Foucault & Birth of Prison - 2 Diff Types of Power

A

> Sovereign Power

> Disciplinary Power

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21
Q

Sovereign Power

A

> Past societies based on SP, monarch had full control > ppl’s bodies

> & capital/corporal punishment was a spectacle

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22
Q

Disciplinary Power

A

New system of discipline seeks to control body & mind through surveillance

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23
Q

Foucault (Panopticon)

A

> Prison design, where prisoner has cell visible to guards but guards not visible to prisoners

> Unaware if they’re being watched they must behave as if they are

> Turns into self-surveillance: control becomes invincible insider prisoner

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24
Q

Foucalt (Dispersal of Discipline)

A

> Institutions e.g. mental asylums, factories schools use this pattern & DP widespread in society

> We don’t need discipline like past, as we feel we’re constantly being watched e.g. by CCTV or being policed by each other

> We police ourselves in our own mind e.g. we live within the panopticon, so - crime

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25
Q

AO3 Criticisms of Foucalt

A

> Norris & Loveday
Goffman
Koskela

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26
Q

Norris & Loveday - Criticisms of Foucalt

A

> CCTV = no impact on crime & causes displacement, few robbers, shoplifters put off

> Fulfills ideological function gives public false assurance on their security.

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27
Q

Goffman - Criticisms of Foucalt

A

Exaggerates extent of control e.g. even psychiatric patients can resist control

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28
Q

Koskela - Criticisms of Foucalt

A

CCTV is extension of male gaze, makes F + vulnerable to voyeurism of M camera operator

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29
Q

Baumann & Lyon (Post-Panoptical Society)

A

> Knowledge of being watched controls our behaviour

> Liquids surveillance means we’re monitored from where we drive to what we buy

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30
Q

Types of Surveillance Theories after Foucault

A

> Synoptic Surveillance

> Actuarial Justice

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31
Q

Mathieson - Synoptic Surveillance

A

> Now top-down surveillance everybody watches each other e.g. social media

> Media scrutiny of powerful groups leads to + self-surveillance.

> Video cameras, dash cams also society to exercise control over controllers e.g. filming police wrong doing.

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32
Q

Thompson & Impact of Synopticon on Politicians

A

Politicians now fear media surveillance may uncover damaging info on them e.g. Hancock

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33
Q

McCahill (Criticisms of Synopticon Surveillance)

A

> Doesn’t reverse established hierarchies of surveillance

> e.g. police w/ power to confiscate cameras of citizen journalists

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34
Q

Ericson (Surveillant Assemblages) (SA)

A

> Surveillance tech involves manipulation of digital data > physical bodies

> Combo of tech into powerful SA e.g. CCTV footage anaylsed w/ face recognition software

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35
Q

Feely & Simon (Actuarial Justice)

A

> New tech of power able to stop offending w/ use of algorithms to predict chance of ppl offending

> Focus on groups not ppl, to stop offending e.g. airport stop & search based on risk factors e.g. reg/age etc

> Classifying groups based on perceived danger.

36
Q

Young (Actuarial Justice)

A

Damage limitation strategy to reduce crime using statistical info to pick out likely offenders

37
Q

Lyon (Actuarial Justice)

A

> Aims to categorise ppl, who’re treated diff based on level of risk

> e.g. counter-terrorism scheme in Birmingham

> Surrounding 2 muslim areas w/ 150 cameras

38
Q

Criticisms of Actuarial Justice

A

> Offender profiles complied w/ OS, showing young black M + likely to offend

> Profiling leds to police targeting & SFP, so + likely to be caught & convicted

39
Q

Labelling & Surveillance

A

> CCTV operators targets blacks due to racist stereotypes

> Creates SFP, criminalization of black + as offences are revealed

> Criminalisation of others lessened as their offences are ignored

40
Q

Purposes of Punishment

A

> Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Incapacitation
Retribution

41
Q

Deterrence - Purposes of Punishment

A

Stops others offending in future e.g. Thatcher’s Sharp Shock regime in youth offenders institutes in ’80s

42
Q

Rehabilitation & Incapacitation, Retribution - Purposes of Punishment

A

> Reforming & reeducating offenders so no longer offend e.g. training (REH)

> Removing offender’s capacity to reoffend e.g. maiming & execution (IN)

> Eye 4 eye society entitled to take revenge for breaking shared VC (RET)

43
Q

Punishment (KS)

A

> Durkheim (General View & 2 Types of Justice)

> Rusche & Melossi (Marxism)
Kirchheimer (Marxism)
Althusser (Marxism)
Thompson (Marxism)

> Weberianism (Perspectives on Punishment)

> Garland (Penal Welfarism, Era of Mass Incarceration)
Downes (Ideological Function of Mass Incarceration)

> Carrabine et al (Consequences of Rising Prison Population)
Simon (Drugs, US & Imprisonment)
Cohen (Alts to Prison)

44
Q

Durkheim General view on Punishment

A

Reinforce SS & shared values

45
Q

Durkheim (2 Types of Justice)

A

> Retributive

> Restitutive

46
Q

Retributive - 2 Types of Justice

A

> Society has strong CC, offenders crime has broken CC, desire to impose vengeance on offender

> Society wants to lash out & hurt person for upsetting equilibrium of society

47
Q

Restitutive - 2 Types of Justice

A

> Ppl more individualised & diff from 1 & other, but still interdependent

> Function of justice to repair damage e.g. compensation, to restore things to prior state

> Expresses collective emotions

48
Q

Criticisms of Durkheim view on Punishment

A

> Durkheim view too simplistic, societies actually have restitutive justice > retributive

> e.g. paying off a blood feud > execution

49
Q

Althusser (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)

A

> CJS part of RSA, tool bourgeoisie uses to defend property & position of power

> Part of agency of fear, WC fear of being taken away from families or death, so always conform

50
Q

Thompson (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)

A

> Punishments e.g. hanging & transportation to colonies for theft & poaching

> Part of rule of terror by UC > WC

51
Q

Rusche & Melossi (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)

A

> Punishment reflects eco base of society, under capitalism imprisonment is dominant

> As time is money & offenders pay by doing time, removing ability to earn wages

> Prison & capitalist factory, both have strict discipline style, subordination & loss of liberty

52
Q

Kirchheimer (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)

A

> Change in punishment from transportation - cheap prison labour, shows change in eco needs of UC

> Brutality + when pop + & land - as labour forces -

53
Q

Weberianism (Perspectives on Punishment)

A

> Only state w/ power to punish criminals not church like past

> Punishment now based on impersonal rules/regulations set out by large gov

54
Q

Changing Role of Prisons

A

> Pre-Industrial Europes had wide punishment e.g. fines, flogging etc, was mainly for holding offenders b4 punishment

> Only est enlightenment imprisonment is form of punishment

55
Q

Imprisonment Today

A

> Now harshest punishment, buts fails to rehabilitate due to re-offending & are skls of crime

> est 80’s move to ‘’populist punitiveness’’ - politicians want tougher sentences but leads to + prison pop

56
Q

Garland & Penal Welfarism

A

> From 50’s state used PW & CJS tried rehabilitating offenders to reintegrate in society

> Moved into era where ‘punitive state’ has ‘culture of control’ & desire to punish offenders through

> e.g. actuarialism, incarceration, transcreation, politicians use idea of being tough on crime to win elections

57
Q

Carrabine et al (Consequences of Rising Prison Population)

A

> Now over pop w/ poor sanitation & lack of educational & wrk opportunities & inadequate family vists

58
Q

Trends in Demography of Prison Pop

A

Young, Male, Uneducated, BAME

59
Q

Garland (Era of Mass Incarceration)

A

> NO of prisoners + rapidly, 700K in local jails & +5 mil under supervision of CJS

> Now systematic imprisonment of whole groups of pop e.g. young black M 3.5K/100,000 in US

60
Q

Downes (Ideological Function of Mass Incarceration)

A

US prison soaks up 30%-40% of unemployed so makes capitalism look + successful.

61
Q

Simon (Drugs, US & Imprisonment)

A

> War declared in last 40yrs on drugs gives limitless arrests of imprisonable offenders

> As drugs industry has multiple potential roles leading to crime

62
Q

Transcreation & Prison

A

> Ppl are locked in cycle of control, shifting vs diff carceral agencies through life

> e.g. care, young offenders’ institution, prison, w/ blurring of boundaries w/ CJS & Welfare Agencies

> Social services given + criminal control role sharing data w/police on = individuals

63
Q

Alternatives to Prison

A

Recent + in Custodial controls e.g. probation, curfew, community service & electric tagging etc

64
Q

Cohen (Alts to Prison)

A

>

  • controls put net of control over + ppl, range of sanctions allows control to penetrate deeper in society

> Doesn’t take young away from CJS, but diverts them into it

> e.g. ASBO fast-tracking them into custodial sentences.

65
Q

UN Definition of Victims

A

Person harmed through acts/omissions violating laws of state.

66
Q

Victimology (KS)

A

> Christie (Victims & Social Construction)

> Miers (3 Areas of PV)

> Hentig (V Proneness) (PV)

> Wolfgang (V Precipitation)

> Mawby & Walklate (Structural Factors)

> Tombs & Whyte (Safety Crimes & Ideological Function of De-Labelling)

> Pynoos - Indirect V’s of Crime

67
Q

Christie (Victims & Social Construction)

A

> Stereotype of ideal V favoured by society & media is weak

> Innocent & blameless & target of a stranger’s attack.

68
Q

Miers (3 Areas of Positivist Victimology)

A

> Factors making some ppl/groups + likely to be V’s
Focus on interpersonal crimes of violence
Identify V’s contributing to own victimisation

69
Q

Hentig (V Proneness) (PV)

A

> V’s + likely to be F, OAP or low IQ, so ‘invite’ victimisation purely due to their character

> Also lifestyle factors e.g. V’s openly display weath

70
Q

Wolfgang (V Precipitation)

A

> V’s triggers events leading to crime vs them e.g. murder & being 1st to use violence

> e.g. where V was M & perpetrator F

71
Q

Criticisms of PV

A

> Ignores wider structural factors e.g. poverty, patriarchy, racism etc

> Victim blaming, your own fault e.g. rape cases ‘’she asked for it’’ - not sound argument

> V’s may be unaware of own victimisation e.g. crime vs environment w/ harm done, but no law broke

72
Q

Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A 
> Structural Factor
> State Denial of Label of V
> Safety Crime
> Ideological Function of Power to Label
> Hierarchy of Victimisation
73
Q

Mawby & Walklate (Structural Factors) - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A

e.g. patriarchy & poverty so F & WC @ + risk of victimisation a form of structural powerlessness.

74
Q

State Denial of Label of V - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A

> State reserves power to label, but withholds it frm some e.g. police don’t press charges vs M for assaulting wife

> Denies her V status

75
Q

Tombs & Whyte (Safety Crimes) - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A

> Company violation of law leading to deaths seen due to ‘accident prone’ workers.

> Denies V, V status’ & blames them for their fate.

76
Q

Tombs & Whyte (Ideological Function of De-Labelling - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A

> Conceal true extent of V-sation hides crimes of UC & denies powerless V’s justice

> Powerless + likely to be victimised, yet least likely to have this acknowledged by state.

77
Q

Criticisms of CV

A

> Ignores V’s may contribute to V-sation through not securing homes etc

> Rich @ risk of crime as they’re attractive target to criminals, but not accounted 4 by CV

78
Q

Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A 
> Class
> Age
> Ethnicity
> Gender
> Repeat V-isation
79
Q

Class - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

> WC + likely to be V-ised e.g. crime rates + in areas of + unemployment & poverty e.g. WC can’t afford security

> Homeless ppl + likely to experienced violence > general pop

80
Q

Age - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

> Young ppl @ + risk of v-isation. infants + risk of being murdered

> Teens + vulnerable to adults for crimes e.g. assault, theft/abuse home.

> Old @ + risk of abuse e.g. nursing homes, but v-isation is - visible.

81
Q

Ethnicity - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

> EM @ + risk > whites of general crime/racially motivated

> EM, young & homeless + likely to report feeling under-protected yet over-controlled.

82
Q

Gender - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

M > F are V’s of violence & homicide, but + F V’s of DV, rape etc

83
Q

Repeat V-isation - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

> Ppl already V’s + likely to be V’s again, 60% not V’s of any crime in last yr

> But 4% of V’s of almost ½ crime in that period.

84
Q

Impact of Crime on V’s

A

Fear of crime, disrupted sleep, helplessness, security-consciousness etc

85
Q

Pynoos (Indirect V’s of Crime)

A

> Kid witnesses of sniper attack had PSTD/bad dreams, yr after event

> Hate crimes has waves of harm, radiates out to others intimidating whole communities

> Challenge value system of society

AQA A-Level Sociology PHS (36 decks)

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