4.7 - Green Crime, Globalisation & State Crime Flashcards

Question

Criticisms of Traditional Criminology

Answer 1

Accepts official def of environmental crime shaped by large corporations to serve own interests

Answer 2

> Sees it as any action harming environment, humans & animals etc, even if laws aren’t broken > Legal def’s can’t give consistent global standard as they vary from state to state > Worst of environmental harms aren’t illegal, so subject matter of GC wider > TC, incl. new issues

Answer 3

> Similar approach challenging powerful groups who can shape law to define in their own interests what’s environmental harm > So actions aren’t criminalised

Answer 4

> Anthropocentric | > Ecocentric

Answer 5

> Human-centred view e.g. we have right to dominate nature for own ends & put eco growth b4 environment.

Answer 6

See us & environment as interdependent, so environmental harm, hurts us also.

Answer 7

> Primary | > Secondary

Answer 8

> Crimes direct result of destruction & degradation of earth’s resources > e.g. Air pollution, deforestations, animal abuse, water pollution

Answer 9

> Results from defying rules aimed @ stopping regulating environmental disasters > e.g. State violence vs environmental groups, hazardous waste & organised crime (toxic waste dumping)

Answer 10

> Legal disposal of toxic waste is expensive, so businesses use eco-mafia’s profiting from illegal dumping > Often globalised e.g. western business ship waste to 3rd world areas w/ low costs & safety standards > Dumping isn’t even illegal, 3rd world areas lack laws outlawing it, so poor & EM + likely to be V’s

Answer 11

> Individuals > Businesses > Military

Answer 12

> Cumulative effect on environment, acts don’t have immediate impact > But add up to large impacts e.g. littering

Answer 13

> Form of CC, big companies responsible for most of water, air & land pollution > Due to waste dumping & health & safety breaches.

Answer 14

Biggest institutional polluter w/ unexploded bombs & long-lasting effects of toxic chemicals.

Answer 15

> Makes subjective VJ on which acts ought to be seen as wrong > Extends scope criminology so it’s almost meaningless, drifts into environmental > crime harm > Difficult to establish what’s harm, more politcal or moral issue > criminological 1

Answer 16

> ‘Illegal/deviant acts perpetrated by, or w/ involvement of state agencies. > Committed by state & gov to further their polices, doesn’t incl. acts benefiting individuals

Answer 17

> State power easily allows for large scales crime, through concealing & evading punishment > As they define criminality & manage CJS > National sovereignty so hard for UN to apply international conventions v genocide etc.

Answer 18

> Corruption > Genocide > State CC > War Crimes

Answer 19

> According to Corruption Index by Transparency International correlation vs corruption, war & poverty > e.g. Somalia, Afghanistan Iraq were most corrupt > But Scandinavian countries + Canada were least corrupt

Answer 20

> Deliberate, systematic use of violence vs national, ethnic, or reg group > e.g. Killing of Jews during WW2 by Nazi’s in concentration camps

Answer 21

> Under Belgians, minority Tutsi ruled over Huto majority > But after independence, elections brought Hutu to power > By 1990’s eco/political crisis led to civil war, but 800K Tutsi were killed by state-backed, Hutu militia.

Answer 22

> Initiated | > Facilitated

Answer 23

> Where state initiate/approve CC e.g. Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster > Negligent, cost-cutting decision by NASA led to explosion killing astronauts after blast off

Answer 24

> When states fail to regulate & control corporate behaviour, making crime easier e.g. Deepwater Horizon Disaster > Rig leased by BP exploded & sank killing 11 workers causing largest oil spill in history] > Gov failed to oversee industry adequately or notice their cost-cutting decisions.

Answer 25

> Illegal Wars | > Done during war or aftermath

Answer 26

> Kramer & Michalowski (Illegal Wars & Done during war or aftermath) ``` > Chambliss (Domestic Law) > Michalowski (Zemiology) > Hillyard (Zemiology) > Mullins (International Law) > Schwendinger (HR & State Crime) ``` ``` > Adorno (Authoritarian Personality) > Baumann (Modernity) > Green & Ward (COO) > Hamilton (3 Features Producing COO) > Cohen (Cultural of Denial, TON & HR Violations) ```

Answer 27

> e.g. falsely claiming war is SD e.g. US & UK knowingly made false claim > Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction to justify invasion as SD.

Answer 28

> Torture of prisoners e.g. military inquiry into a prison found multiple cases of abuses of prisoners > 9 were convicted, but no commanding officers or ppl from priv companies were prosecuted

Answer 29

``` > Domestic Law > Zemiology > Labelling > International Law > Human Rights ```

Answer 30

Acts defined as criminal done by state officials in pursuit of jobs as reps of state

Answer 31

> Using state’s own domestic law to define state crimes inadequate > As they make laws, so avoid criminalising own acts > e.g. Nazi Germany passed laws allowing it to sterilise disabled

Answer 32

SC incl. illegal acts & legal acts w/ consequences = to illegal acts in harm caused

Answer 33

> Replace study of crime w/ Zemiology e.g. study of harms regardless to if it breaks law > Harms incl e.g. state facilitated poverty, stops state ruling themselves out of court > By making laws allowing misbehaviour

Answer 34

> Harm def is vague, what level of harm constitutes a crime? > Who decides what’s harm, replaces state arbitrary def w/ sociologist arbitrary def

Answer 35

> Act by state or on states behalf violating IL or states own law > Uses global agreed def & IL is intentionally designed to deal w/ state crime

Answer 36

Japan sought to overturn international ban on whaling, bribing 6 Caribbean Islands to vote vs ban

Answer 37

IL mainly focused on war crimes > crimes e.g. deception

Answer 38

> If act is crime depends if social audience for crime, sees it as so > State crimes are socially constructed, stops sociologists imposing own def of state crime

Answer 39

> No clarity on who relevant audience deciding if SC has been done is diff audiences may reach diff verdicts > Audiences' defs are manipulated by ruling-class ideology, so see war as legit > e.g. Murdoch twisting his news outlets to favour Iraq War.

Answer 40

> Natural Rights: e.g. rights to life, liberty & free speech > Civil Rights: e.g. right to vote fair trial & education

Answer 41

> Violation of ppl’s basic HR by state & it’s agents, states practising racism, sexism deny ppl basic rights so commit crime. > Sees state def of crime as inveitably political, if sociologist accept idea crimes are what states feels > They risk becoming subservient to state interests

Answer 42

> Gross violations of HR e.g. torture are clear crimes but acts > e.g. eco exploitation are not definitively criminal, even if morally unacceptable.

Answer 43

> Willingness to obey orders of superiors w/out Q during WW2 > Many germans had authoritarian personalities due to common disciplinarian socialisation @ time > Thought ppl doing torture/genocide are psychopaths, but little psychological diff v them & neurotypical ppl

Answer 44

> SC crimes of conformity, due to obedience to higher authority e.g. state > Many obey authority even if it harms others, due to role we’re socialised into

Answer 45

> For torturers to overcome norms vs cruelty - socialised & exposed to propaganda about the enemy > States uses 'enclaves of barbarism' where tortures practised e.g. military bases, segregated from society > Allows torturers to see it as a '9 to 5' job

Answer 46

> Authorisation > Routinisation > De-Humanisation

Answer 47

> Acts ordered by someone in charge e.g. Milgram Experiment > Normal moral principles overruled by need to obey authority

Answer 48

> Pressure from hierarchy/gov turn acts into routine, so it can be repeated in detached manner > e.g. Waterboarding in Guantanamo Bay, torture by stimulating feel of drowning > Repeatedly done by = soldiers, so become desensitised

Answer 49

> Enemy made to look as non-human asp e.g. refused clothing, shaven head, ID no > Takes away all human elements, so easier torture/murder them

Answer 50

> DOL > Bureaucratisation > Instrumental Rationality > Sci & Tech

Answer 51

Ppl only do 1 task so noone feels fully responsible for atrocity

Answer 52

Normalisation of act by making it repetitive & routine.

Answer 53

Rational & efficient methods to achieve goal regardless of goal itself.

Answer 54

> e.g. railways transporting V’s to death camps & industrially produced gas to kill them

Answer 55

Helps create conditions, where acts become + common & acceptable

Answer 56

> Genocides don’t all have organised DOL, to allow ppl to be distanced from killing > e.g. Rwandan genocide done directly by large marauding groups.

Answer 57

> Ignores importance of IF e.g. Nazi ideology stressed single German racial identity excluded EM’s > e.g. Jews & gypsies seen as sub-human. > So racist ideology gave motivation to do it, leading to willing participants

Answer 58

1. ‘’It didn’t happen’’ e.g. state claims there was no massacre, but media shows it did e.g. photos 2. If it did happen it was something else e.g. SD, not murder 3. Even if it’s what you say it is it’s justified e.g. fight war on terror

Answer 59

1. Denial of V e.g. they’re terrorists so deserved it 2. Denial of Injury e.g. we’re real V not them e.g. SD 3. Denial of Responsibility e.g. following orders 4. Condemning the condemners e.g. they’re picking on us, victimising us 5. Appealing to higher loyalty eg. there’s bigger cause & sacrifices are inevitable e.g. protecting reg

Answer 60

> TON don’t deny event, but impose diff view of event, from what appears to be case > e.g. US publicly justified interrogation process incl. water-boarding > Claiming their only caused stress w/out serious damage, a TON normalising torture