crime control, prevention, punishment Flashcards
what are the different types of punishment?
- detterence
- incapacitation
- rehabilitation
- retribution
what is detterence?
bringing offenders to justice and publically punishing them will encourage potential offenders to think twice
what is incapacitation?
protecting potential victims by stopping the offender from repeating behaviour
involves limiting freedom eg imprisonment
what is rehabiliation?
aims to prevent offender from commiting crime in future, changing attitudes + values
what is retribution?
society giving fair and just punishment seen as satisfying desires of victim
similar to revenge/vengence
what are functionalist (durkheim) perspective on punishment?
- the nature of the legal system in simple societies were related to the divisions of labour where members of society very similar and society held together by mechanical solidarity, all had sim values so if broke it= severly punished
- in modern societies ppl have diff roles so everyone different= organic solidarity, collective conscience not that strong. law less vindicitive + punishment less severe
evaluation of functionalist perspective?
- role of power?/inequality?
- some societies still have harsher punishments eg America with retribution
what is a marxist perspective on punishment?
it upholds the law
marxism
Rushe and Kirchheimer
- law as product of interests of ruling class, punishment corresponds to particular economic system
what are the 3 eras where different systems of punishment were dominant?
- early middle Ages-> punishment as religious penance + fines bc workers in high demand
- later middle ages-> brutal punishment norm, legal system divided rich to control poor
- 17th century-> shortage of labour bc prisoners used to produce goods cheaply
marxist
Melossi and Pavanan
prison developed to impose discipline
marxist
Reiman
punishment imposed as a way of enforcing laws to protect private property of wealthy
evaluation of marxist perspectives?
- simplistic exp- gender/ethnicity?
- capitalists hardly imprisioned
- middle class that commit crime?
what are left realist crime preventions?
social + community crime prevention
what is social and community crime prevention?
- aim to address economic and social causes of crime. make society fair and improve confidence in police.
- intervene to prevent crime in future
what are right realist crime preventions?
- situational crime prevention
- environmental crime prevention
what is situational crime prevention?
aim to increase risk of criminals being caught and encourage potential victims to make themselves harder targets
what is environmental crime prevention?
any sign of environmental decline eg broken windows, graffi must be tackled immediately
examples of social and community crime prevention
- community saftey
- new labour policies
- penal welfanism
- community service order
what is community saftey strategy?
- eg Perry Pre-school project in USA
- groups who went to pre-school had half number of arrests that those who didnt (relative dep)
- involvement in government identifying certain groups present danger to society
what are the New Labour policies for crime prevention?
- government vowed to be ‘tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime’
- deal with reducing unemployment, tackling poverty and poor housing (reduces crime)
what is penal welfarism strategy?
- dealing with crime which involved catching and punishing criminals through prison service
- rehabilitating them to esnure can be reintegrated into society
what is comunity service order strategy?
- given to someone 16 or over convicted of imprsionable offence if consents
- probation officers organise what work to do and ensure offender attend + work to standard
examples of situational crime prevention
- ID cards
- gated communities
- target hardening
- defensible spaces
what is ID card strategy?
- combining biometric data with their ‘biographical footprint’
- details stored on national identity register
what is gated community strategy?
- individuals living in these areas will have pass codes to enter
- these communities common with wealthy communities in US
what is target hardening strategy?
- eg better home security, CCTV/survelliance, fencing, security gates
what is defensible space strategy?
- changing design of streets and housing estates
- can be made safer eg better lighting, fewer closed hidden spaces
examples of environmental crime prevention?
- parenting control
- zero tolerance policing
- ASBOs
- ABCs
- curfew and dispersal orders
what is parenting control strategy?
- target parents of deviant children in community
- parents encouraged to attend parenting classes
- if theres an order made they can be forced to parenting classes
what is zero tolerance policing strategy?
- police aim to prevent crime and make it harder to achieve by intervening in situations where believe crime could result eg littering
what is ASBOs crime strategy?
- individuals police own neighbourhood by identifying members of community who are threat to order of area
- eg causin distress. order breached= jail/fine
what are ABCs as a stategy?
- individual concerned is encouraged to recognise how their behaviour is affecting others and change it
- next step could be ASBOs
what are curfew and dispersal orders strategy?
- ban children fro public places
- require children to be at home by 9pm unless accompanied by an adult
- police can break up groups of 2/+ if seen as nuisance
- order broken= arrest/held in cell overnight
evaluation of LR prevention stategies ?
- show little short term improvement in crime rates, postmodernists would suggest that crime may be about individual excitement (edgework)
- right realists-> too soft and creates excuse for criminals
evaluation of RR prevention strategies?
- Garland-> SCP ignores cause of crime and just displaces it
- marxists-> do little to reduce sexual, violent, white collar, corporate crime
- Felson-> ‘designing out’ crime eg rid of gennels is effective eg NYC
