crime and punishment industrial era - CRIME Flashcards
why did smuggling increase?
in the 17th/18th century the government introduced import tax on certain goods which increased smuggling as more profit could be made by bringing in goods illegally and not paying the tax
what good were smuggled?
cloth, wine, spirits, tea and alcohol
what type of crime was smuggling considered to be?
a social crime and was accepted by many
what was the Hawkurst gang?
famous gang of smugglers who often used violence against customs officers and controlled the southern english coast (1735 - 1749)
when and why did smuggling decrease?
smuggling decreased in late 18th century and early 19th as PM William Pitt reduced import taxes which lessened the need to smuggle
what was the 1723 Black Act?
said that over 200 crimes associated with poaching could be punishable by death, including killing deer and cutting down trees
what was the Poaching Prevention Act 1860?
gave landowners and local police officers the power to stop and search anyone suspected of pooaching
what did the Poaching Prevention 1860 Act lead to?
the threat of enclosure became stronger, landowners enclosed land that had once been available for all - lead to widespread poverty, frustration and stealing
who were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
In 1833-1836 6 farm workers decided to form a trade union to protect their wages, swore an oath of solidarity in secrecy, other farm workers joined and paid monthly subscription
what happened to the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
rich landowners wanted to stop the group, the 6 farm workers were found guilty, sentenced to 7 years transportation to Australia
what were the consequences of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
public outcry, 1834 over 100,000 marched to London to deliver petition with 200,000 signatures - 1836 the martyrs were pardoned and allowed home
who feared highway robbery the most?
greatly feared by ordinary people as they took their most valuable possessions
why did highway become more common?
- more roads were built in 18th century
- easy to get hold of a handgun
- increased travel
- increased wealth
- better transport links
what did highway robbers do?
targeted people carrying large amounts of money, if successfully stolen could pose huge problem to economic development of england
who did highway robbers target?
targeted stage coaches, carriages, farmers returning from market and mail coaches
what were the reasons for the decrease in highway robbery?
- banks introduced (no longer carrying large sums of money)
- mounted patrols
- countryside was built up
- increased chance of being caught
