CRIM RESEARCH Flashcards
= scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that links man’s speculation with reality.
Research
= systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical proposition about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.
Research
– has the purpose of determining the future operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting such for the better 2.
Predictive or Prognostic Research
– determines what should be done based on the findings this is to remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if there is any
Direct Research
– is concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable being investigated, as for example, “interaction of the components of educational systems and aims to show the connections among, for example, students’ characteristics, organizational pattern and policies, and educational consequences
Illuminative Research
According to Purpose
Predictive
Direct
Illuminative
– is done for the development of theories and Principles.
Basic or pure Research
– is the application of the results of pure search. This is testing the efficacy of theories and principles. aims to test theories and concepts developed for verification, application, development and support and their relationship to the existing fund of knowledge
Applied Research
According to Goal
Basic research
applied research
– the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific situation.
Exploratory Research
– the researcher studies the relationships of the variables.
Descriptive Research
– the experiment studies the effects of the variables on each other.
Experimental Research
According to the Level of Investigation
Exploratory
Descriptive
Experimental
– the researcher attempts to identify and is isolate the components of the research situation.
Analytical Research
– begins with the total situation. Focusing attention on the system first and then on its internal relationships.
Holistic Research
D. According to the Type of Analysis
Analytical
Holistic
This type of research is done on a very limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big. It is almost problem solving.
Action Research
, all possible courses of action are specified and identified and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.
Evaluation research
the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable instrument or process than has been available.
developmental research
According to Choice of Answers to Problems
Evaluation
developmental
– is one in which inferential statistics are utilized todetermine the results of the study. Inferential statistics such as correlation, chi-square, analysisof variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis. This type of research usually includescomparison studies, cause-and-effect relationships, etc.
Quantitative or statistical research
– This is research in which the use of the quantity or statistics ispractically nil. This is especially true in anthropological studies where description is usuallyused. Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data.
Non-quantitative research
describes what
was
Historical research
describes what
is
Descriptive research
describes what
will be
Experimental research
– specifically stated
S = Specific
– easy to measure by using research instrument in collection of data
M = Measurable
– data are achievable using correct statistical treatment/techniques toarrive at precise results
A = Achievable
– real results are not manipulated
R = Realistic
– time frame is required in every activity because the shorter completionof the activity the better
T = Time-bound
is an act of incorporating into one’s work the work of another without indicating thesource
= the unacknowledged used of somebody else’s words or ideas
Plagiarism
= an act wherein the writer uses passages, ideas, writings, and statements of others withoutgiving due credit
Plagiarism
is the foundation of the study.
Theoretical framework
The theory should have a relationship with the issues posted in the study
Theoretical framework
= seeks to describe a phenomeno
Descriptive Theory
= seeks to tell how and sometimes why one should or ought to behave in certain way
Prescriptive Theory
Types of Theories
descriptive
prescriptive
= an illustration of how research problems are generated from the theoretical framework of thestudy
= it may be some sort of modification of the theoretical framework or personally conceptualizedby the researcher
Conceptual Framework
= self-evident truth which is based upon known fact or phenomenon. it is notusually answered or proven because it is assumed true or correct which are beyond the controlof the researcher
.
Assumption
= tentative conclusion or answer to specific question raised at the beginning ofthe investigation. It is an educated guess about the answer to a specific question.
Hypothesis
= use to answer descriptive questions
Descriptive Hypothesis
= use to answer questions on the relationship or differences of dataobtained in descriptive questions.
Statistical Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Descriptive Hypothesis
Statistical Hypothesis
= always the first temporary solution to a problem
= basis of the action of acceptance or rejection
= the word null in mathematics means empty zero
= asserts that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variable
= stated in negative
Null Form
= stated in affirmative
Operational/Alternative (Ha)
Forms of Statistical Hypothesis
Null Form
OperationL
= involves in depth analysis of the problems. Its focused is toprovide accurate description of problems w/o attempting to treat or employ sophisticatedstatistical tools or describe problems.
Qualitative Research Design
= systematic and critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events using the criticalmethod in the understanding and the interpretation of facts, which are applicable to currentissues and problems
Historical
= aims to provide a holistic view of the problem. Data are gathered throughobservation, interview and participation
Ethnographic
= intensive investigation of a particular individual, institution, community or any group considered as a unit which includes the development, adjustment, remedial, or corrective procedures that suitably follow diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment or of favorable development.
Case Study
= its focused is to describe problems descriptively and numerically. It utilizes more statistical tests to explain the nature, characteristics, relationship and differences of variables
Quantitative Research Design
= describes and interprets WHAT is. It is concerned with conditions or relationship that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs and processes that are going on, effects that are being felt or trends that are developing.
Descriptive
= involves collection of information on people, events and other topics of interest to the researcher.
Descriptive-Survey
= involves content analysis because the documentary techniqueincludes analysis of content. It is used when data cannot be obtained through questionnaire orobservation.
Descriptive-Documentary
= it measures the extent or magnitude of association between two variables.=measures the existing relationship of variables=also known as
Associational Research
Correlational
= the researcher manipulates, changes or alters the inputs or independentvariables to see the effects on the dependent variables.=most commonly used methods to advanced scientific knowledge
Experimental
Sub-types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive survey
descriptive documentary
Types of quantitative Research
DESCRIPTIVE
CORRELATIONAL
EXPERIMENTAL
= each member of the population is given the chance of being includedin the sample.
Scientific Sampling
= specific aggregation of the elements= also known as
universe
Population
= representative portion of a whole= subset of a populatioN
Sample
= applicable only when the population being investigated is homogenous.
Restricted Random
= the best random sampling design because no restriction is imposedand every member of the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample
Unrestricted Random
it divides first the population into two or more strata. For each stratum,the sample items were drawn at random.
Stratified Random
= a design which all individual in the population are arranged in a methodicalmanner, i.e. alphabetical or chronological (age, experience) and the name may be selected inthe construction of the sample
Systematic
= done in several stage, it can be two-stage, three, four or five stage, etc…,depending on the number of stages of sampling to be used
Multistage
= population is group into clusters or small units, for instance, block ordistricts, and are selected by random sampling or systematic sampling.=advantageous when individuals in the districts or blocks belong to the heterogeneous group
Cluster Sampling
TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC SAMPLINGS
Restricted Random
Unrestricted Random
Stratifies Random
Systematic
Multistage
Cluster Sampling
= in this sampling there is subjectivity on the on the part of there searcher because not all the individual in a population are given an equal chance of being included in the sampl
Non-Scientific Sampling
= based on choosing individuals as sample according to the purposes of theresearcher
Purposive
= a design applied to those samples which are take because they are mostvaluable= the researcher simply takes the nearest individual as subjects of the study until the samplereaches the desired size
Incidental
= popular in the field of opinion research due to the fact that it is done by merely looking for individuals with requisite characteristics
Quota Sampling
Types of non scientific sampling
Purposive
Incidental
Quota sampling
= a device designed or adopted by researcher for data gathering
Classification of Research Instrument
Research Instrument
= the researcher obtains information or data himself with little or nodirect involvement of the other people
Researcher Instrument
- the information is collected directly from the respondents 3.
Subject Instrument
- the information or data is collected from those knowledgeable of the subject matter
Informant Instrument
- written or printed form containing the questions to be asked on the respondents.
Questionnaire
respondents are forced to answer the questions asked in the questionnaire.Best suited to a qualitative research
Open Ended
- also referred as guided response type, closed form or restricted;respondents are guided in answering questions; options may be provided like in multiplechoice test while answers are based on the rating scales provide
Closed-Ended
involves face to face contact between the interviewee and the interviewer
interview
= there is a set of carefully prepared questions and their expected answers are provided
Structured Interview / Standardized
= respondents are free to express their opinions.Also termed as non-directive or informal
Unstructured Interview / Unstandardized
- may be defined as perceiving data through the sense: sight, hearing, taste,touch and smell. Sense of sight is the most important and most used. Most direct way andmost widely used in studying behavior
Observation
- researcher makes a guide on what to observe. Possible responses may also be outlined
Formal Observation
- needs critical evaluation of the observation made to avoid biased results. Recommended for qualitative research
Informal Observation
= contains the items to be observed
Checklist
= used in observing behavior
Rating scale
= provides for the fewer breakdowns of dimensions or factors
Anecdotal Forms
= use of motion or still pictures, sound recording
Mechanical Record
= degree to which a measuring instrument measures what it intends to measure
Validity
- refers to content and format of the instrument which mustanswer the following criteria: appropriateness; logical; adequate; and, proper format;expert judgment ; table of specification
Content-Related Validity
- refers to the relationship between scores obtained using one or more instruments or measures.
Criterion-Related Validity
- refers to the nature of psychological construction or characteristics being measured by the instrument
Construct-Related Validity
- extent to which the instrument is dependable, self-consistent and stable;consistency of responses from moment to moment; even a person takes the same test twice,the test yields the same results; reliable test may not always be valid
Reliability
- otherwise known as Practicability degree to which the research instrument can be satisfactorily used
Usability
= science which deals with the systematic process of collecting, organizing, classifying,presenting, interpreting and analyzing data
Statistics
= it is used to determine the nature of variables without any attempt to critically compare the extent of relationships or differences with other variables
Descriptive Statistics
- used to determine the degree or magnitude of association between two variables. Treats bivariate and multivariate problems
Correlational Statistics
s - Used when in making inferences on the magnitude of differences of thesamples from a large universe; Used in testing hypothesis like differences bet. two or morevariables; Treats bivariate and multivariate problems
Inferential Statistic
- used to determine two variable means which differ significantly
T-Test and Z-Test
- (Analysis of Variance – ANNOVA) used to determine significant differences between three or more variables
F-test
= used in ordinal or rank or nominal data
Non-Parametric
- used to compare the frequencies obtained in categorized variables. Used to determine the difference between three or more variable
Non-parametric Chi-Square Test (X2)
- an examination of data or facts in terms of quantity, quality, attribute, trait,pattern, trend, relationship among others so as to answer research questions which involvestatistical techniques and procedures
Data Analysis
- tests a single variable to determine whether the sample is similar to the population from which it has been drawn
Univariate
- it tests two variables on how they differ from each other
Bivariate
- it tests three or more independent variables at a time on the degree of
relationship with dependent variables
Multivariate
- the results of the study is compared with the norm
Normative
- describes the characteristics, compositions, structures that occur as units within the larger structure
Descriptive
- analysis which is usually employed in natural science subjects
classification
- it appraises carefully the worthiness of the current study
Evaluative
- the researcher considers at least two entities and establishes a formal procedure for obtaining criterion data on the basis of which he can compare and conclude which of the two is better
Comparative
- applicable in comparing the cost between two or more variables and to determine which of the variable is most effective
Cost-Effective
- an act or instance of interpreting an explanation. This is done to give meaning to data generated from the instrument to answer the problems raised in the study
Interpretation of Data
