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4th year > CRIM RESEARCH > Flashcards

CRIM RESEARCH Flashcards

1
Q

= scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that links man’s speculation with reality.

A

Research

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2
Q

= systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical proposition about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.

A

Research

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3
Q

– has the purpose of determining the future operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting such for the better 2.

A

Predictive or Prognostic Research

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4
Q

– determines what should be done based on the findings this is to remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if there is any

A

Direct Research

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5
Q

– is concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable being investigated, as for example, “interaction of the components of educational systems and aims to show the connections among, for example, students’ characteristics, organizational pattern and policies, and educational consequences

A

Illuminative Research

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6
Q

According to Purpose

A

Predictive
Direct
Illuminative

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7
Q

– is done for the development of theories and Principles.

A

Basic or pure Research

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8
Q

– is the application of the results of pure search. This is testing the efficacy of theories and principles. aims to test theories and concepts developed for verification, application, development and support and their relationship to the existing fund of knowledge

A

Applied Research

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9
Q

According to Goal

A

Basic research
applied research

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10
Q

– the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific situation.

A

Exploratory Research

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11
Q

– the researcher studies the relationships of the variables.

A

Descriptive Research

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12
Q

– the experiment studies the effects of the variables on each other.

A

Experimental Research

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13
Q

According to the Level of Investigation

A

Exploratory
Descriptive
Experimental

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14
Q

– the researcher attempts to identify and is isolate the components of the research situation.

A

Analytical Research

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15
Q

– begins with the total situation. Focusing attention on the system first and then on its internal relationships.

A

Holistic Research

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16
Q

D. According to the Type of Analysis

A

Analytical
Holistic

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17
Q

This type of research is done on a very limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big. It is almost problem solving.

A

Action Research

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18
Q

, all possible courses of action are specified and identified and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.

A

Evaluation research

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19
Q

the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable instrument or process than has been available.

A

developmental research

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20
Q

According to Choice of Answers to Problems

A

Evaluation
developmental

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21
Q

– is one in which inferential statistics are utilized todetermine the results of the study. Inferential statistics such as correlation, chi-square, analysisof variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis. This type of research usually includescomparison studies, cause-and-effect relationships, etc.

A

Quantitative or statistical research

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22
Q

– This is research in which the use of the quantity or statistics ispractically nil. This is especially true in anthropological studies where description is usuallyused. Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data.

A

Non-quantitative research

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23
Q

describes what
was

A

Historical research

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24
Q

describes what
is

A

Descriptive research

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25
Q

describes what
will be

A

Experimental research

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26
Q

– specifically stated

A

S = Specific

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27
Q

– easy to measure by using research instrument in collection of data

A

M = Measurable

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28
Q

– data are achievable using correct statistical treatment/techniques toarrive at precise results

A

A = Achievable

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29
Q

– real results are not manipulated

A

R = Realistic

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30
Q

– time frame is required in every activity because the shorter completionof the activity the better

A

T = Time-bound

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31
Q

is an act of incorporating into one’s work the work of another without indicating thesource

= the unacknowledged used of somebody else’s words or ideas

A

Plagiarism

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32
Q

= an act wherein the writer uses passages, ideas, writings, and statements of others withoutgiving due credit

A

Plagiarism

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33
Q

is the foundation of the study.

A

Theoretical framework

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34
Q

The theory should have a relationship with the issues posted in the study

A

Theoretical framework

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35
Q

= seeks to describe a phenomeno

A

Descriptive Theory

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36
Q

= seeks to tell how and sometimes why one should or ought to behave in certain way

A

Prescriptive Theory

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37
Q

Types of Theories

A

descriptive
prescriptive

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38
Q

= an illustration of how research problems are generated from the theoretical framework of thestudy

= it may be some sort of modification of the theoretical framework or personally conceptualizedby the researcher

A

Conceptual Framework

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39
Q

= self-evident truth which is based upon known fact or phenomenon. it is notusually answered or proven because it is assumed true or correct which are beyond the controlof the researcher
.

A

Assumption

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40
Q

= tentative conclusion or answer to specific question raised at the beginning ofthe investigation. It is an educated guess about the answer to a specific question.

A

Hypothesis

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41
Q

= use to answer descriptive questions

A

Descriptive Hypothesis

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42
Q

= use to answer questions on the relationship or differences of dataobtained in descriptive questions.

A

Statistical Hypothesis

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43
Q

Types of Hypothesis

A

Descriptive Hypothesis
Statistical Hypothesis

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44
Q

= always the first temporary solution to a problem
= basis of the action of acceptance or rejection
= the word null in mathematics means empty zero
= asserts that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variable
= stated in negative

A

Null Form

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45
Q

= stated in affirmative

A

Operational/Alternative (Ha)

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46
Q

Forms of Statistical Hypothesis

A

Null Form
OperationL

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47
Q

= involves in depth analysis of the problems. Its focused is toprovide accurate description of problems w/o attempting to treat or employ sophisticatedstatistical tools or describe problems.

A

Qualitative Research Design

48
Q

= systematic and critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events using the criticalmethod in the understanding and the interpretation of facts, which are applicable to currentissues and problems

A

Historical

49
Q

= aims to provide a holistic view of the problem. Data are gathered throughobservation, interview and participation

A

Ethnographic

50
Q

= intensive investigation of a particular individual, institution, community or any group considered as a unit which includes the development, adjustment, remedial, or corrective procedures that suitably follow diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment or of favorable development.

A

Case Study

51
Q

= its focused is to describe problems descriptively and numerically. It utilizes more statistical tests to explain the nature, characteristics, relationship and differences of variables

A

Quantitative Research Design

52
Q

= describes and interprets WHAT is. It is concerned with conditions or relationship that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs and processes that are going on, effects that are being felt or trends that are developing.

A

Descriptive

53
Q

= involves collection of information on people, events and other topics of interest to the researcher.

A

Descriptive-Survey

54
Q

= involves content analysis because the documentary techniqueincludes analysis of content. It is used when data cannot be obtained through questionnaire orobservation.

A

Descriptive-Documentary

55
Q

= it measures the extent or magnitude of association between two variables.=measures the existing relationship of variables=also known as
Associational Research

A

Correlational

56
Q

= the researcher manipulates, changes or alters the inputs or independentvariables to see the effects on the dependent variables.=most commonly used methods to advanced scientific knowledge

A

Experimental

57
Q

Sub-types of Descriptive Research

A

Descriptive survey
descriptive documentary

58
Q

Types of quantitative Research

A

DESCRIPTIVE
CORRELATIONAL
EXPERIMENTAL

59
Q

= each member of the population is given the chance of being includedin the sample.

A

Scientific Sampling

60
Q

= specific aggregation of the elements= also known as
universe

A

Population

61
Q

= representative portion of a whole= subset of a populatioN

A

Sample

62
Q

= applicable only when the population being investigated is homogenous.

A

Restricted Random

63
Q

= the best random sampling design because no restriction is imposedand every member of the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample

A

Unrestricted Random

64
Q

it divides first the population into two or more strata. For each stratum,the sample items were drawn at random.

A

Stratified Random

65
Q

= a design which all individual in the population are arranged in a methodicalmanner, i.e. alphabetical or chronological (age, experience) and the name may be selected inthe construction of the sample

A

Systematic

66
Q

= done in several stage, it can be two-stage, three, four or five stage, etc…,depending on the number of stages of sampling to be used

A

Multistage

67
Q

= population is group into clusters or small units, for instance, block ordistricts, and are selected by random sampling or systematic sampling.=advantageous when individuals in the districts or blocks belong to the heterogeneous group

A

Cluster Sampling

68
Q

TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC SAMPLINGS

A

Restricted Random
Unrestricted Random
Stratifies Random
Systematic
Multistage
Cluster Sampling

69
Q

= in this sampling there is subjectivity on the on the part of there searcher because not all the individual in a population are given an equal chance of being included in the sampl

A

Non-Scientific Sampling

70
Q

= based on choosing individuals as sample according to the purposes of theresearcher

A

Purposive

71
Q

= a design applied to those samples which are take because they are mostvaluable= the researcher simply takes the nearest individual as subjects of the study until the samplereaches the desired size

A

Incidental

72
Q

= popular in the field of opinion research due to the fact that it is done by merely looking for individuals with requisite characteristics

A

Quota Sampling

73
Q

Types of non scientific sampling

A

Purposive
Incidental
Quota sampling

74
Q

= a device designed or adopted by researcher for data gathering
Classification of Research Instrument

A

Research Instrument

75
Q

= the researcher obtains information or data himself with little or nodirect involvement of the other people

A

Researcher Instrument

76
Q
  • the information is collected directly from the respondents 3.
A

Subject Instrument

77
Q
  • the information or data is collected from those knowledgeable of the subject matter
A

Informant Instrument

78
Q
  • written or printed form containing the questions to be asked on the respondents.
A

Questionnaire

79
Q

respondents are forced to answer the questions asked in the questionnaire.Best suited to a qualitative research

A

Open Ended

80
Q
  • also referred as guided response type, closed form or restricted;respondents are guided in answering questions; options may be provided like in multiplechoice test while answers are based on the rating scales provide
A

Closed-Ended

81
Q

involves face to face contact between the interviewee and the interviewer

A

interview

82
Q

= there is a set of carefully prepared questions and their expected answers are provided

A

Structured Interview / Standardized

83
Q

= respondents are free to express their opinions.Also termed as non-directive or informal

A

Unstructured Interview / Unstandardized

84
Q
  • may be defined as perceiving data through the sense: sight, hearing, taste,touch and smell. Sense of sight is the most important and most used. Most direct way andmost widely used in studying behavior
A

Observation

85
Q
  • researcher makes a guide on what to observe. Possible responses may also be outlined
A

Formal Observation

86
Q
  • needs critical evaluation of the observation made to avoid biased results. Recommended for qualitative research
A

Informal Observation

87
Q

= contains the items to be observed

A

Checklist

88
Q

= used in observing behavior

A

Rating scale

89
Q

= provides for the fewer breakdowns of dimensions or factors

A

Anecdotal Forms

90
Q

= use of motion or still pictures, sound recording

A

Mechanical Record

91
Q

= degree to which a measuring instrument measures what it intends to measure

A

Validity

92
Q
  • refers to content and format of the instrument which mustanswer the following criteria: appropriateness; logical; adequate; and, proper format;expert judgment ; table of specification
A

Content-Related Validity

93
Q
  • refers to the relationship between scores obtained using one or more instruments or measures.
A

Criterion-Related Validity

94
Q
  • refers to the nature of psychological construction or characteristics being measured by the instrument
A

Construct-Related Validity

95
Q
  • extent to which the instrument is dependable, self-consistent and stable;consistency of responses from moment to moment; even a person takes the same test twice,the test yields the same results; reliable test may not always be valid
A

Reliability

96
Q
  • otherwise known as Practicability degree to which the research instrument can be satisfactorily used
A

Usability

97
Q

= science which deals with the systematic process of collecting, organizing, classifying,presenting, interpreting and analyzing data

A

Statistics

98
Q

= it is used to determine the nature of variables without any attempt to critically compare the extent of relationships or differences with other variables

A

Descriptive Statistics

99
Q
  • used to determine the degree or magnitude of association between two variables. Treats bivariate and multivariate problems
A

Correlational Statistics

100
Q

s - Used when in making inferences on the magnitude of differences of thesamples from a large universe; Used in testing hypothesis like differences bet. two or morevariables; Treats bivariate and multivariate problems

A

Inferential Statistic

101
Q
  • used to determine two variable means which differ significantly
A

T-Test and Z-Test

102
Q
  • (Analysis of Variance – ANNOVA) used to determine significant differences between three or more variables
A

F-test

103
Q

= used in ordinal or rank or nominal data

A

Non-Parametric

104
Q
  • used to compare the frequencies obtained in categorized variables. Used to determine the difference between three or more variable
A

Non-parametric Chi-Square Test (X2)

105
Q
  • an examination of data or facts in terms of quantity, quality, attribute, trait,pattern, trend, relationship among others so as to answer research questions which involvestatistical techniques and procedures
A

Data Analysis

106
Q
  • tests a single variable to determine whether the sample is similar to the population from which it has been drawn
A

Univariate

107
Q
  • it tests two variables on how they differ from each other
A

Bivariate

108
Q
  • it tests three or more independent variables at a time on the degree of
    relationship with dependent variables
A

Multivariate

109
Q
  • the results of the study is compared with the norm
A

Normative

110
Q
  • describes the characteristics, compositions, structures that occur as units within the larger structure
A

Descriptive

111
Q
  • analysis which is usually employed in natural science subjects
A

classification

112
Q
  • it appraises carefully the worthiness of the current study
A

Evaluative

113
Q
  • the researcher considers at least two entities and establishes a formal procedure for obtaining criterion data on the basis of which he can compare and conclude which of the two is better
A

Comparative

114
Q
  • applicable in comparing the cost between two or more variables and to determine which of the variable is most effective
A

Cost-Effective

115
Q
  • an act or instance of interpreting an explanation. This is done to give meaning to data generated from the instrument to answer the problems raised in the study
A

Interpretation of Data

116
Q
A

4th year (7 decks)

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