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Information Methods INF10014 > Creative and Critical Thinking > Flashcards

Creative and Critical Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five steps in the IDEAL problem solving framework adapted from Bransford & Stein (1993)?

A
  1. Identify problems & opportunities
  2. Define goals
  3. Explore all possible strategies
  4. Anticipate outcomes and Act
  5. Look back and Learn
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2
Q

What is the definition of creative thinking according to Beale (2007)?

A

Thinking about thinking in order to bring something new into existence, such as an idea, event or object and also to decide what to believe and how to behave.

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3
Q

What is an ill-structured problem?

A

It generally has no clear paths to its solution. Which means that we need to use our insight and creative processes to solve.

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4
Q

What is a well-structured problem?

A

It has a clear path to solution.

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5
Q

What are the seven key concepts under Step 1 Identify Problem and Opportunities

A
  • Attend - to the problem
  • Clarify - what the problem is
  • Convergence - bring points towards the centre
  • Divergence - move away from the centre
  • Analyse - the problem
  • Reflection - spend time thinking
  • Synthesis - bring together / conclude
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6
Q

What are the important queries under the ‘Attend’ stage of Step 1?

A

Avoid procrastination, work out when you need to do it and when you need to start.

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7
Q

What are the important queries under the ‘Clarify’ stage of Step 1?

A

Determine what the problem is, ill or well structured? Potentially create a concept map to lead to Convergence / Divergence.

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8
Q

What are the important queries under the Convergence / Divergence stages of Step 1?

A

Some arguments or queries align and move in towards the question and some move apart, understand what these are.

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9
Q

What are the important queries under the ‘Analyse’ stage of Step 1?

A

What are the causes and effects of the problem? What is the background to the problem?

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10
Q

What are the important queries under the ‘Reflection’ stage of Step 1?

A

Incubation, have I missed anything? Have I had the problem before? Is there someone who has had the problem? Is there alternatives? Do I have all the information?

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11
Q

What are the important queries under the ‘Synthesis’ stage of Step 1?

A

Drawing conclusions as to what exactly the problem is from the clarification, analysis and reflections.

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12
Q

What are the two key concepts under Step 2 Define the goals?

A
  • Identify and define the problem accurately

* Creative solution?

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13
Q

What are the key concepts under Step 3 - Explore all possible strategies?

A
  • Heuristics - method of discovery
  • Algorithms - means of solving a problem
  • Means-end analysis - break problem into smaller problems
  • Work backwards
  • Analogies
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14
Q

What are ‘Heuristics’?

A

Informal, intuitive and speculative strategies (based on judgements).

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15
Q

What is ‘trial and error heuristics’?

A

Where you keep trying something until you find an answer, e.g. children doing a jigsaw keep trying different bits till one fits.

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16
Q

What are ‘decision making heuristics’?

A

They are our own practical logic that is based on our experiences.

17
Q

What is the problem with ‘representative heuristics’?

A

These are where we have made a judgement based on probability which may be incorrect, e.g. cliches are not always correct.

18
Q

What is the ‘availability heuristic’?

A

Where we rely on events that we remember in making judgements. Eg. we over-estimate dramatic and scary events (e.g. plane crash or murder) and under-estimate more common mundane things (e.g. diabetes and strokes)

19
Q

Why are algorithms better at solving problems than heuristics?

A

Because they use successive mechanical iterations of a strategy to reach the correct solution. They look at more than one perspective.

20
Q

What is an analogy?

A

Comparisons made to show a similarity, they can help create a parallel solution to a problem.

21
Q

What is the key concept in Step 4 - Anticipate outcomes and Act?

A

To act on a selected strategy as a draft or prototype to test for outcomes and set up contingencies.

22
Q

What is the 3 key concepts in Step 5 - Look back and Learn?

A
  • Look back and evaluate results

* Re-evaluate especially with ill-structured problems.

23
Q

What are the obstacles to developing solutions to problems?

A
  • Listening skills and preconceived ideas
  • Perceptual fixedness
  • Functional fixedness
  • Fear of evaluation
  • Lack of information and/or expertise
  • Motivation and mental sets
  • Lack of confidence
24
Q

What is perceptual fixation?

A

It is where we go off without first identifying and defining a problem, i.e. we are fixated or stuck in the ineffective approach we have taken.

25
Q

What is functional fixation?

A

This is where we have the inability to use a familiar object to perform an unfamiliar function.

26
Q

How do motivation and mental sets play a part in problem solving?

A

The more motivated to solve a problem - the less likely you are to solve it. Also if the mental sets awe bring to the problem are not ‘geared’ for the problem we also may not be able to solve it.

27
Q

What are six guidelines provided by Beale (2007) to help you think critically?

A
  1. Be open-minded about new ideas
  2. Know when you need more information
  3. Be aware different people see things differently
  4. Know the difference between something that must be true and something that might be true
  5. Separate emotional and logical thinking
  6. Develop your vocabulary in order to understand others and to make yourself understood.
28
Q

What are 8 common mistakes in thinking (Beale 2007)?

A
  1. Group thinking
  2. Poor communication
  3. Reacting wrongly to ideas
  4. Generalisations
  5. Emotional thinking
  6. Not looking for hidden options
  7. Belief of testimonials
  8. Bias view points
29
Q

What are the two forms of arguments and their definition?

A

Deductive - intends to provide logically conclusive support for the conclusion
Inductive - intends to provide probable support for the conclusion.

30
Q

What are the four steps provided by Ruggiero (2002) to evaluate an argument?

A
  1. Understand it
  2. Seek out competing views
  3. Sort out disagreements
  4. Make your judgement
31
Q

What are the key points to help Step 1 - Understand the argument? (4)

A
  • Skim for the main idea
  • Read with the main idea in mind
  • Identify evidence
  • Summarise
32
Q

What are the key points to help Step 3 - Sort out disagreements (2)

A
  • Compile common points

* List differing points of view

33
Q

What are the key points to help Step 4 - Make your judgement? (2)?

A
  • Review the evidence: relevant, factual, complete, sufficient
  • Test conclusion for reasonableness: reverse conclusion, implications, consequences etc
34
Q

What are the three main conditions which when present subject a group to larger risk of Groupthink?

A
  • Decision makers constitute a cohesive group - working together for a long period
  • Structural faults exist: insulation, impartial leadership, homogeneity etc
  • Group poses a provocative situational context. Caused by threats and low self esteem.
35
Q

What are the symptoms of Groupthink?

A
  • Overestimation of the Group - illusion of invulnerability and belief in inherent morality of the group
  • Closed-mindedness - collective rationalisation and stereo types of out-groups
  • Pressures toward uniformity - Self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, direct pressure on dissenters and self-appointed mind guards
36
Q

What are some of the 9 points to avoid Groupthink?

A
  • Explore objectives
  • Explore alternatives
  • Encourage ideas to be challenged
  • Examine the risks
  • Test assumptions
  • Re-examine initial alternatives
  • Gather external information
  • Look at information objectively
  • Have at least one contingency plan

Information Methods INF10014 (8 decks)

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