Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy II Exam 2 > Cranium, Scalp, Meninges, And Brain > Flashcards

Cranium, Scalp, Meninges, And Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of the scalp?

A

S -> skin

C -> CT

A -> aponeurosis

L-> loose CT

P -> pericranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the neurocranium tissue layers?

A
  • epicranial aponeurosis
  • loose areolar tissue
  • pericranium
  • bone
  • dura, arachnoid, pia mater
  • cerebral cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the cranial meninges?

A
  • three dense regular CT layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium
  • enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain
  • contain and circulate CSF
  • parts of the cranial me enigma form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain
  • dura, arachnoid, pia mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the dura mater.

A
  • tough membrane composed of two fibrous layers
  • strongest of the meninges

-composed of two layers:
+periosteal layer (superficial) attaches to the periosteum of the cranial bones
+meningeal layer lies deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The periosteal and meningeal layers are usually fused together except where?

A

-in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood filled spaces called dural venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater.

A
  • lies immediately internal to the dura mater
  • partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers, termed arachnoid trabeculae
  • between the arachnoid and dura mater is the subdural space
  • under arachnoid is the subarachnoid space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the pia mater.

A
  • innermost of the cranial meninges

- thin layer of delicate CT that tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the cranial dural septa? What are in the septa?

A
  • meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions/septa deep into the cranial cavity at four locations
  • membranous partitions separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the entire brain
  • contain venous sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the four cranial dural septa?

A
  • falx cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • falx cerebelli
  • diaphragma sellae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What nerves can be found in the cavernous sinus? What artery?

A
  • oculomotor n
  • trochlear n
  • abucent n
  • trigeminal n
  • internal carotid artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the arteries that supply the meninges?

A
  • frontal branch of middle meningeal artery
  • middle meningeal artery
  • parietal branch of middle meningeal artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is CSF?

A
  • clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space
  • bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous system and completely surrounds it
  • formed by the choroid plexus in each ventricle
  • produced by secretion of a fluid from the ependymal cells that originate from the blood plasma
  • similar to blood plasma but has greater amounts of Na, H, and Ca -> less K and Ca
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • buoyancy
  • protection
  • environmental stability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the brain ventricles?

A
  • cavities within the brain that are derived from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube
  • continuous with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the four ventricles of the brain?

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles in the cerebrum separated by septum pellucidum
  • in diencephalon is a smaller ventricle called the third ventricle -> communicates with lateral ventricles via interventricular foramen
  • fourth ventricle is located within the pons and cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is CSF circulated?

A
  • produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles
  • flows from the third ventricle through the mesencephalic aqueduct into fourth ventricle
  • as CSF flows through the subarachnoid space, it removes waste products and provides buoyancy to support the brain
  • excess CSF flows into the arachnoid villi, then drains into dural sinuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is CSF released into blood?

A

-pressure allows the CSF to be released into the blood without permitting any venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space. The greater on the CSF in the subarachnoid space assures that CSF moves in the venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes hydrocephalus? How can it be treated???

A
  • typically from an obstruction in CSF flow that restricts its reabsorption in the venous bloodstream
  • treated by inserting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt that drains to the abdominal cavity
  • also treated by ventriculostomy that creates a hole in the floor of the third ventricle that drains into the subarachnoid space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the BBB do?

A
  • strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain
  • prevents exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances that could adversely affect brain function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What features of the BBB regulate flow?

A
  • tight junctions prevent materials from diffusing across the capillary wall
  • astrocytes act as gatekeepers that permit materials to pass to the neurons after leaving the capillaries
  • reduced or missing in three distinct locations in the CNS: choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What protects the brain?

A
  • boney structures
  • CT membranes called meninges surround and partition portions of the brain
  • CSF acts as a cushioning fluid
  • BBB to prevent entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What composes gray and white matter?

A
  • gray matter: motor neuron and interneurons bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and unmyelinated axons
  • white matter: myelinated axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Generally how is brain tissue organized?

A
  • during brain development, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from the migrating peripheral neurons
  • external sheets of gray matter, called the cortex, cover the surface of most of the adult brain (cerebrum and cerebellum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three initial brain vesicles that are formed at the end of the 4th week?

A
  • prosencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles that are differentiated by the end of week 5? What do they form?

A
  • telencephalon -> cerebrum
  • diencephalon -> thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon -> pons and cerebellum
  • myelencephalon -> medulla oblongata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 4 major brain regions?

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is the cerebrum divided?

A
  • divided into two halves
  • each hemisphere is subdivided into five functional areas called lobes
  • folds = gyri, depressions = sulcus
  • brain associated with 12 cranial nerves
28
Q

What are the 5 lobes?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobes
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • insula
29
Q

Primary motor and sensory cortical regions are connects to what?

A

-adjacent association areas that process and interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response

30
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A
  • coordinate learned skilled motor activities (playing piano)
  • frontal lobe
31
Q

What does the somatosensory association area do?

A
  • parietal lobe

- integrates and interprets sensations to determine the texture, temperature, pressure, and shape of objects

32
Q

What does the auditory association area do?

A
  • temporal lobe

- interpret characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past

33
Q

What does the visual association area do?

A
  • occipital lobe

- process visual info by analyzing color, movement, and form to identify things we see

34
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A
  • left hemisphere
  • recognize, understand, and comprehend spoken or written language
  • works with Broca’s area which is the motor speech area
35
Q

What is the Gnostic area?

A
  • parietal, occipital, temporal

- clock indicates 12:30, smell food cooking, friend talks hunger, you interpret it to be lunch time

36
Q

What are tracts?

A

-central white matter

37
Q

What are association tracts?

A

-connect different regions of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

38
Q

What are commissural tracts?

A

-between cerebral hemispheres

39
Q

What are projection tracts?

A

-link cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions

40
Q

What are cerebral nuclei?

A

-paired irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter

41
Q

What is the caudate nucleus?

A
  • C shaped

- neurons within stimulate appropriate muscles to coordinate arm and leg movements associated with walking

42
Q

What is the amygdaloid body?

A
  • expanded region at the tail of the caudate nucleus

- participates in the expression and control of moods and emotions

43
Q

What is the putamen and globus pallidus?

A
  • both form lent inform nucleus
  • putamen controls muscular movement at a subconscious level
  • the globus inhibits activity of the thalamus
44
Q

What is the claustrum?

A

-subconscious processing of visual information

45
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

-provides the relay and switching centers for some sensory and motor pathways and for control of visceral activities

46
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A
  • posterior part is the pineal gland which secretes melatonin
  • habenular nuclei help relay signals from the limbic system and control visceral and emotional responses to odors
47
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

A

-sensory impulses from all conscious senses except olfaction converge on the thalamus

48
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Various functions controlled by specific nuclei

  • mammillary body -> smell and swallow
  • dorsomedial nucleus -> sympathetic
  • para ventricular nuclei -> oxytocin
  • preoptic area -> body temp
  • anterior nucleus -> parasympathetic
  • supraoptic nucleus -> ADH
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus -> circadian rhythm
49
Q

What are structures in. The mesencephalon?

A
  • cerebral peduncle
  • substantia nigra
  • tegmentum
  • tectum
50
Q

What does the cerebral peduncle do?

A

-motor tracts, corticospinal tracts run through pyramidal system

51
Q

What does the substantia nigra do?

A

-inhibitory signals to skeletal muscles

52
Q

What does the tegmentum do?

A

-sends involuntary motor commands to the erector spinal to maintain posture

53
Q

What does the tectum do?

A

-relay station for visual and auditory sensations, visual reflex centers (superior colliculi), auditory reflex centers (inferior colliculi)

54
Q

What is the pons responsible for?

A

-regulate rate and depth of breathing, house nuclei for V, VI, VII and VIII

55
Q

What does the medulla do?

A
  • corticospinal tracts and sensory relay
  • nuclei for VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
  • also cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, and those related to coughing, gagging, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, and vomiting
56
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A
  • coordinates and fine tunes skeletal muscle movements and ensured that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth coordinated movements
  • performs indirectly with voluntary and involuntary motor pathways
57
Q

Where is the limbic system?

A

-ring around the diencephalon

-composed structures that collectively process and experience emotions
+parahippocampal gyrus
+hippocampus (storing memories and long term memory)
+amygdaloid body
+olfactory bulb
+fornix
+various nuclei in diencephalon

58
Q

What composes sensory pathways?

A

-have primary neurons, secondary neurons, and sometimes tertiary neurons that facilitate the pathway’s functioning

59
Q

What composes the motor pathways?

A

-use upper motor neurons and lower motor neuron

60
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Voluntary limb muscles

61
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

-discrete movement: flexors of limbs

62
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract

A

Voluntary: axial muscles

63
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Posture

64
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Balance during movement

65
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

Visual and auditory integration with movement

Anatomy II Exam 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions