Cradle to Grave

Question 1

Life Stages

Answer 1

0-2 is infancy
2-12 is childhood
12-20 is adolescence
8-14 is puberty 
20-40 is adulthood
40-65 is retirement age

Question 2

Influences on prenatal development

Answer 2

genetics and hormones

environmental

Question 3

Embryotic stage

Answer 3

up until 8 weeks
formation of support structures
laying down of major organ tissues which starts with 3 layers of tissue
-ectoderm
-mesoderm
-endoderm
Development of organs
placenta- supplies blood and o2 to baby
brain and spinal cord- 3 weeks
heart and foetal circulation- 2 weeks and beating at 4
lungs- 4 weeks. Develop off intestinal tract

Question 4

Changes at birth to the respiratory

Answer 4

Lungs inflate
closure of foreman ovale, ductus virtuous, ductus arterioles
blood goes across the right atrium and shunts across foreman ovale into the left atrium
surfactant decreases the surface tension of the lungs, making it slipper and easy for the baby to breath

Question 5

APGAR score

Answer 5

appearance
pulse
reflex- cough, sneeze
activity- active movement 
respiration- not breathing

Question 6

What is an adaptive reflex?

Answer 6

to help survival
breathing
sucking
cyring

Question 7

Primitive reflex

Answer 7

Controlled by medulla and midbrain integrated into normal movements as cerebal cortex develops

Question 8

Musculoskeletal changes during growth

Answer 8

Bones lengthen from epithelial plate. Were soft at birth due to more cartilage than calcified bone
Muscle- fibres are small and watery at birth so lose water content
Body fat- fat is used for growth, laid down until 9/12

Question 9

Cardiac changes during growth

Answer 9

alveolation complete by 6 months
reorientation and ossification of ribcage, allowing growth
lung size and volumes increase
heart size and blood pressure increases
decreased respiratory and heart rate
atherosclerosis begins boys more than girls

Question 10

Neurological changes

Answer 10

brain: lower centres most developed at birth
cortex develops from birth to 20-25 years old
Nervous system: all nerves and neurones present
transient exuberance- brain cells make connections

Question 11

Changes during childhood

Answer 11

Period of steady growth- bones grow first followed by muscles
Refinement of motor skills
Gradual increase of Bp

Question 12

Changes during adolescence

Answer 12

Growth spurt which alters sequence of growth
puberty: raging hormones, secondary sexual characteristics
altered physique
boys have more muscle bulk on top
women redistribute fat

Question 13

What happens during adult hood?

Answer 13

degeneration balances out with regeneration

greatest diversity in blood pressure which depends on activity level

Question 14

What happens during middle age?

Answer 14

death of cells outstrip regeneration
menopause: 52-58,
grey hair
hair loss
andropause: men are more likely to have a stroke or heart attach because oestrogen protects women. As it helps to pull calcium into muscularskeletal system

Question 15

Retirement 65+

Answer 15

Primary signs of ageing, sight and hearing

secondary ageing- keep mind and body active to avoid secondary ageing

Question 16

Old age

Answer 16

75+

Question 17

Ageing of tissues

Answer 17

maintenance process slows down- degeneration outstrips regeneration
tissue repair speed and effectiveness decreases
structure and chemical compositions of tissues alter, becoming fragile

Question 18

Ageing of skin

Answer 18

epidermis thins, decrease in vitamin D, glandular activity decrease so less elasticity and thickness with age, skin becomes dryer
Dermis thins, blood supply decreases ad hair production decreases
skin repair is much slower

Question 19

Effects of slow healing

Answer 19

poor circulation- hasn’t got a good enough blood supply
ischaemia and pressure results in necrosis forming
pressure sores and vulnerable areas

Question 20

Musculoskelteal ageing

Answer 20

Bones: loss of bone density, loss of height
Muscle: loss of muscle but, decrease in exercise tolerance
Body fat: increase in weight, decrease in metabolic rate, decrease in exercise

Question 21

Changes in bone mass with ageing

Answer 21

after mid 30s
women lose bone fast more after menopause
poor diet and inactivity can cause bones to weaken quickly

Question 22

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 22

reduction in bone mass is enough to compromise normal function
the fragile bones that result are likely to break when exposed to stresses that younger individuals could tolerate

Question 23

What is osteopenia?

Answer 23

Inadequate ossification
reduction in bone mass begins between 30-40. Osteoblast activity begins to decrease, while osteoclast activity continues in previous levels
women lose 8% while men lose 3% of skeletal mass

Question 24

Cardiovascular ageing

Answer 24

Heart --> reduction in max Q, conducting cells slow down, atherosclerosis in blood vessels
Smooth muscles loses elasticity
arteries may rupture
Aneurysm may form 
venous valves fail- varacus veins

Question 25

Respiratory ageing

Answer 25

loss of lung tissue compliance
stiffness in joints of ribcage
increase in snoring

Question 26

Neurological ageing

Answer 26

gradual and mild decline in functioning
decrease in weight and volume of brain
loss of neutrons and neurotransmitters
decreased blood flow 
slower motor skills
slower reaction times

Question 27

Consequences of ageing

Answer 27

reduced mobility and independence
increase risk of falls
reduced exercise tolerance
increased sedentary lifestyle- further affects musculoskeletal, cardiorespiratory and neurological

Question 28

Complications of premature birth

Answer 28

Breathing problems: - lacking surfactant
prolonged pauses in breathing- bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Heart problems: patent ductus artherisus- heart murmur caused by persistent opening between pulmonary artery and the aorta
low blood pressure
brain problems: risk of bleeding in the brain
temperature control- don’t have enough stored fat
anemia- don’t have enough RBCs
higher risk of infection