CPR Pulmonology Flashcards
In which lobe do you find the cardiac notch?
the LEFT superior lobe (anterior aspect)
What separates the lobes of the left lung?
oblique fissure separates the left lung into superior & inferior lobes
What fissure separates the superior and middle lobes of the R lung?
horizontal fissure
What fissure separates the middle and inferior lobes of the R lung?
oblique fissure (of the R lung)
What spaces do the inferior borders of the lungs enter when we inhale deeply?
the costomedistinal recess
the costodiaphragmatic recess
What are the 3 surfaces common to both lungs?
costal surface (opposes rib cage)
mediastinal surface (opposes mediastinum)
diaphragmatic surface (opposes diaphragm)
Where is the hilum located on both lungs?
on the mediastinal surface
Name the contents of the hilum of the lungs
pulmonary A
pulmonary V
main bronchi
pulmonary L (hanginging pleura)
Where is the main bronchi typically located in each hilum?
usually more posteroinferior (thickest walled structure containing cartilage in wall)
Compare the anterior & posterior borders of the lungs
the posterior border is taller & more columnar b/c is in back of thorax
Where can lung cancer originate and what nerves can it impact?
derive from actual lung tissue or from bronchi
can involve phrenic N, vagus N, & recurrent laryngeal N
can frequently metastasize to LNs in thorax
Pneumonectomy
removal of 1 lung
Lobectomy
removal of 1 lobe of 1 lung
Segmentectomy
remove specific bronchopulmonary segment of 1 lung (via lung resection)
*1 bronchopulmonary segment has its own N & blood supply
Parietal Pleura
adherent to thoracic wall, mediastinum & diaphragm
Visceral Pleura
adherent to LUNGS
Pleuritis
inflammation of pleura that produces roughness on lungs (makes breathing difficult)
pleural cavity
potential space btwn 2 layers of pleura w/ serous lubricating fluid that reduces friction & produces cohesion through surface tension
Pulmonary collapse
occurs when excess air into pleural cavity
breaks surface tension btwn 2 layers of pleura & elasticity of lungs causes collapse
Pneumothorax
entry of air into pleural cavity from penetrating wound to thoracic wall Or rupture of pulmonary lesion into pleural cavity
results in collapse of lung
Hydrothorax
accumulation of excess fluid in pleural cavity (fluid escape into pleural cavity or pleural effusion)
Hemothorax
accumulation of blood in pleural cavity resulting from chest wound (laceration of intercostal or internal thoracic vessel)
Name the lines of pleural reflection
sternal line (costal to mediastinal anteriorly) costal line (costal to diaphragm) vertebral line (costal to mediastinal posteriorly)
Which structure in the airways has C shaped cartilage?
Trachea
bronchi have irregular cartilage & bronchioles do not have any cartilage
Where is an inhaled foreign object more likely to be stuck?
in the R main bronchus
Where is the trachea located?
in the posterior mediastinum
What is the last division of bronchi before they switch to bronchioles?
Segmental bronchi
What are the 3 divisions of bronchioles?
Conducting bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Describe the components of the airway (top to bottom)
main bronchus (primary) lobar bronchus (secondary) segmental bronchus (tertiary) conducting bronchioles terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct
What is the main distinction between bronchus & bronchiole?
Bronchus has cartilage in walls but bronchioles have NO CARTILAGE
What is thee role of the alveolar duct?
primary site of gas exchange
functional unit of the lung
Where is the first location in airway that gas exchange can take place?
some gas exchange can occur in the respiratory bronchioles (most occurs in alveolar duct that is closely assoc w/ capillary bed)
Bronchial asthma
widespread narrowing of airways produced by contraction of smooth muscle, edema of mucosa & increase of mucus in lumen of bronchi & bronchioles
tightening of airways along airway causes attack
Bronchoscopy
insertion of bronchoscope into trachea to visualize main bronchi (to inspect interior of tracheobronchial tree)
Bronchopulmonary segments
pyramid shaped segment w/ apex @ hilum & base @ pulmonary surface
separated by CT septa
Why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically relevant?
these segments are surgically resectable
anatomical difference between R & L main bronchi
right main bronchus is wider, shorter & runs more vertically
left main bronchus travels more inferolaterally
of secondary bronchi in R v L lung
R lung has 3 secondary bronchi while L lung has 2 secondary bronchi
