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CPR Midterm > CPR Cardiology > Flashcards

CPR Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum?

A

sternal angle

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2
Q

divisions of the inferior mediastinum

A

anterior (ant to heart)
middle (HEART)
posterior (post to heart)

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3
Q

What is the other name for the epicardium?

A

visceral serous pericardium

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4
Q

Describe systemic circulation

A

from LA past bicuspid valve into LV, out of heart thru aortic valve and into aorta, through arterial system, thru capillaries, thru venous system and back into heart thru SVC and IVC

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5
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A

from SVC & IVC into RA, past tricuspid valve into RV & out of heart thru pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk, thru R & L lungs, back towards heart thru pulmonary veins

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6
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the heart?

A

fibrous pericardium
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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7
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

lack of blood flow to specific area of myocardium (usually b/c blockage in coronary A)

coronary atherosclerosis in walls of coronary As decreases lumen of vessel & increases likelihood that vessel is blocked entirely

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8
Q

Angina pectoris

A

pain that originates in heart & produces strangling pain of chest

usually from narrow or obstructed coronary arteries that produces ischemia of myocardium

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9
Q

Where are the crista/sulcus terminalis found?

A

right atrium

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10
Q

What is the other name for the inferior border of the heart?

A

right margin

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11
Q

What embryological structure becomes the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Ductus arteriosus

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12
Q

What two vessels did the ductus arteriosus gap?

A

Aorta & Pulmonary Trunk

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13
Q

What nerve can be compressed in an aortic aneurysm @ the spot of the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

runs under the weak spot of the aorta created by the ligamentum arteriosum

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14
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

thin internal endothelial (& subendothelial layer in ventricles) that lines the inside of the chambers of the heart & its valves

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15
Q

Roles of fibrous skeleton of heart

A

produces attachment points for myocardium

produces attachment points for valves

supports & strengthens atrioventricular & semilunar orifices

provides electrically insulated barrier btwn artia & ventricles

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16
Q

What is considered the apex of the heart?

A

inferolateral part of the LV (points left)

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17
Q

What is considered the base of the heart?

A

posterior portion (near L atrium)

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18
Q

Which surface is made up of the R & L ventricles?

A

diaphragmatic surface

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19
Q

What makes up the sternocostal surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

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20
Q

What makes up the pulmonary surface of the heart?

A

Right atrium & left ventricle (occupies cardiac impression on both lungs)

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21
Q

Describe the borders of the heart

A

Right=Right atrium
Inferior=Right ventricle
Left=left ventricle
Superior=R & L atria

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22
Q

right atrioventricular groove

A

btwn R atrium & R ventricle

transmits R coronary A

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23
Q

left atrioventricular groove

A

btwn L atrium & L ventricle

houses coronary sinus

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24
Q

anterior interventricular groove

A

btwn R & L ventricles on anterior aspect of heart

transmits anterior interventricular A & great cardiac V

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25
Q

posterior interventricular groove

A

btwn R & L ventricles on posterior aspect of heart

transmits posterior interventricular A & middle cardiac V

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26
Q

sulcus terminalis

A

external vertical groove that corresponds to internal crista terminalis

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27
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

embryological remnant of ductus arteriosus (was communication btwn pulmonary trunk & aorta)

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28
Q

What was the embryological significance of the ductus arteriosus?

A

shunted blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta to bypass the nonfunctional luns

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29
Q

What nerve is close to aortic arch & ligamentum arteriosum?

How can the nerve be affected?

A

left recurrent laryngeal N of the vagus N

can be impacted by aneurysm in nearby structures (aorta & pulm trunk)

30
Q

What is the underlying cause of atrial septal defects?

A

incomplete closure of the foramen ovale (larger openings in the interatrial septum can cause issues if mixing of O2 rich & depleted blood)

31
Q

Where do the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus empty?

A

into the sinus venarum of the right atrium (posterior & smooth, thin wall region)

32
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

internal ridge separating the smooth & rough regions of the R atrium

33
Q

What is the purpose of the right atrioventricular orifice?

A

passage from right atrium to the right ventricle

variably occluded by tricuspid valve

34
Q

Internal features of right atrium

A 
sinus venarum
pectinate muscle
crista terminalis
interatrial septum
opening for the coronary sinus
35
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

A

in between the R & L atria (interatrial septum)

embryonic remnant of the foramen ovalis

36
Q

Internal features of right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve
trabecula carnae
conus arteriosus
pulmonary valve

37
Q

Cusps of the tricuspid valve

A

separates R atrium & R ventricle

anterior cusp
posterior cusp
septal cusp

38
Q

What is the purpose of the chorda tendineae?

A

attach free edges of the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve to the 3 corresponding papillary muscles

39
Q

What is the trabecula carnae?

A

in R ventricle

from interventricular septum to base of anterior papillary muscle

transmits right bundle branch of AV bundle to ant papillary m

40
Q

What is the pulmonary valve?

A

aka the semilunar valve

has R, L & ant cusps…separates R ventricle from pulmonary trunk

41
Q

What are the pulmonary sinuses?

A

space btwn wall of pulmonary trunk & cusps of pulmonary valve

42
Q

What is cardiac catheterization?

A

insertion of a catheter into the femoral vein which is passed up to the IVC

allows radiographic visualization of the RA, RV, pulmonary trunk & pulmonary arteries

43
Q

What is the conus arteriosus?

A

in the R ventricle (smooth wall before the pulmonary valve)

smooth wall cavity that leads from R vent into pulmonary trunk

44
Q

Internal features of Left Atrium

A

left auricle
openings for 4 pulmonary v
interatrial septum

**thicker wall compared to R atrium

45
Q

What is the left atrioventricular orifice?

A

passage from L atrium to L ventricle

occluded by bicuspid valve

46
Q

What is the bicuspid valve?

A

separates the L atrium from the L ventricle

AKA mitral valve

47
Q

Internal features of Left ventricle

A 
bicuspid valve
trabecula carnae
aortic vestibule
interventricular septum
aortic valve
48
Q

How is the bicuspid valve different from the tricuspid valve?

A

only has anterior & posterior cusps

49
Q

Components of bicuspid valve

A 
ant cusp
post cusp
chorae tendineae
ant pap m
post pap m
50
Q

What is the aortic vestibule?

A

leads into ascending aorta from L vent

51
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

myocardial wall separating the 2 ventricles

houses the AV bundle, R & L bundle branches & subendocardial branches

52
Q

Ventricular septal defects

A

IV septum is susceptible to defects b/c made of embryologically divergent tissues

all defects are relevant b/c allow mixing of O2 rich & depleted blood

53
Q

What is the aortic valve?

A

separates L ventricle from ascending aorta (aka semilunar valve)

54
Q

What are the aortic sinuses?

A

space btwn wall of ascending aorta & cusps of aortic valves

house the R & L coronary arteries

55
Q

What is the conducting system of the heart?

A

consists of cardiac muscle cells, specialized conducting fibers & 2 bundles of nodal tissue responsible for coordinating the cardiac cycle

56
Q

What is an artificial cardiac pacemaker?

A

produces a regular electrical impulse that is carried to the ventricles via electrodes inserted thru large vein to SVC, into R atrium & past tricuspid valve into endocardium of trabecula carnae of R vent

57
Q

Define atrial fibrillation

A

irregular twitching of atrial cardiac muscle fibers, ventricles then respond @ irregular intervals

not much affect on circulation

58
Q

Define ventricular fibrillation

A

rapid irregular twitching of ventricles, renders heart UNABLE TO PUMP BLOOD

administer electric shock from electrodes to stop cardiac movement so heart ma begin beating regularly again (defibrillation)

59
Q

What is cardiac referred pain?

A

ischemia of cardiac muscle that stimulates visceral pain sensory fibers of ANS w/ in heart

these fibers share ganglion w/ somatic sensory fibers of UE & lateral chest wall

60
Q

Surgical significance of transverse pericardial sinus

A

this space allows cardiac surgeons to access area posterior to aorta & pulmonary trunk to clamp or insert tubes of a bypass machine into these vessels

61
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium that makes it rough & produces friction (can lead to calcification of pericardium)

62
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

inflammation of pericardium can lead to accumulation of fluid/pus in pericardiac sac

can compress the heart

63
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

compression of heart due to fluid accumulation in pericardium

64
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

process to drain blood, fluid or pus from pericardial sac (to relieve cardiac tamponade)

65
Q

Components of pericardium

A

serous
fibrous
oblique pericardial sinus
transverse pericardial sinus

66
Q

What does the parietal serous pericardium adhere to?

A

fibrous pericardium

67
Q

What does the visceral serous pericardium adhere to?

A

the heart itself

aka the epicardium

68
Q

Where is the oblique pericardial sinus?

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

recess posterior to base of heart

transverse passage across origins of great vessels

69
Q

What is the vascular supply of the cardiac conducting system?

A

R & L coronary arteries

70
Q

Where is the only place you can find pectinate muscle in the L atrium?

A

the left auricle

71
Q

What sinus exists behind the outflow vessels?

A

transverse pericardial sinus

CPR Midterm (20 decks)

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