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CPR Midterm > CPR Cardiology > Flashcards

CPR Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum?

A

sternal angle

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2
Q

divisions of the inferior mediastinum

A

anterior (ant to heart)
middle (HEART)
posterior (post to heart)

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3
Q

What is the other name for the epicardium?

A

visceral serous pericardium

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4
Q

Describe systemic circulation

A

from LA past bicuspid valve into LV, out of heart thru aortic valve and into aorta, through arterial system, thru capillaries, thru venous system and back into heart thru SVC and IVC

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5
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A

from SVC & IVC into RA, past tricuspid valve into RV & out of heart thru pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk, thru R & L lungs, back towards heart thru pulmonary veins

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6
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the heart?

A

fibrous pericardium
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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7
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

lack of blood flow to specific area of myocardium (usually b/c blockage in coronary A)

coronary atherosclerosis in walls of coronary As decreases lumen of vessel & increases likelihood that vessel is blocked entirely

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8
Q

Angina pectoris

A

pain that originates in heart & produces strangling pain of chest

usually from narrow or obstructed coronary arteries that produces ischemia of myocardium

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9
Q

Where are the crista/sulcus terminalis found?

A

right atrium

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10
Q

What is the other name for the inferior border of the heart?

A

right margin

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11
Q

What embryological structure becomes the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Ductus arteriosus

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12
Q

What two vessels did the ductus arteriosus gap?

A

Aorta & Pulmonary Trunk

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13
Q

What nerve can be compressed in an aortic aneurysm @ the spot of the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

runs under the weak spot of the aorta created by the ligamentum arteriosum

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14
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

thin internal endothelial (& subendothelial layer in ventricles) that lines the inside of the chambers of the heart & its valves

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15
Q

Roles of fibrous skeleton of heart

A

produces attachment points for myocardium

produces attachment points for valves

supports & strengthens atrioventricular & semilunar orifices

provides electrically insulated barrier btwn artia & ventricles

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16
Q

What is considered the apex of the heart?

A

inferolateral part of the LV (points left)

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17
Q

What is considered the base of the heart?

A

posterior portion (near L atrium)

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18
Q

Which surface is made up of the R & L ventricles?

A

diaphragmatic surface

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19
Q

What makes up the sternocostal surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

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20
Q

What makes up the pulmonary surface of the heart?

A

Right atrium & left ventricle (occupies cardiac impression on both lungs)

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21
Q

Describe the borders of the heart

A

Right=Right atrium
Inferior=Right ventricle
Left=left ventricle
Superior=R & L atria

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22
Q

right atrioventricular groove

A

btwn R atrium & R ventricle

transmits R coronary A

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23
Q

left atrioventricular groove

A

btwn L atrium & L ventricle

houses coronary sinus

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24
Q

anterior interventricular groove

A

btwn R & L ventricles on anterior aspect of heart

transmits anterior interventricular A & great cardiac V

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25
posterior interventricular groove
btwn R & L ventricles on posterior aspect of heart transmits posterior interventricular A & middle cardiac V
26
sulcus terminalis
external vertical groove that corresponds to internal crista terminalis
27
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
embryological remnant of ductus arteriosus (was communication btwn pulmonary trunk & aorta)
28
What was the embryological significance of the ductus arteriosus?
shunted blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta to bypass the nonfunctional luns
29
What nerve is close to aortic arch & ligamentum arteriosum? How can the nerve be affected?
left recurrent laryngeal N of the vagus N can be impacted by aneurysm in nearby structures (aorta & pulm trunk)
30
What is the underlying cause of atrial septal defects?
incomplete closure of the foramen ovale (larger openings in the interatrial septum can cause issues if mixing of O2 rich & depleted blood)
31
Where do the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus empty?
into the sinus venarum of the right atrium (posterior & smooth, thin wall region)
32
What is the crista terminalis?
internal ridge separating the smooth & rough regions of the R atrium
33
What is the purpose of the right atrioventricular orifice?
passage from right atrium to the right ventricle variably occluded by tricuspid valve
34
Internal features of right atrium
``` sinus venarum pectinate muscle crista terminalis interatrial septum opening for the coronary sinus ```
35
Where is the fossa ovalis located?
in between the R & L atria (interatrial septum) embryonic remnant of the foramen ovalis
36
Internal features of right ventricle
tricuspid valve trabecula carnae conus arteriosus pulmonary valve
37
Cusps of the tricuspid valve
separates R atrium & R ventricle anterior cusp posterior cusp septal cusp
38
What is the purpose of the chorda tendineae?
attach free edges of the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve to the 3 corresponding papillary muscles
39
What is the trabecula carnae?
in R ventricle from interventricular septum to base of anterior papillary muscle transmits right bundle branch of AV bundle to ant papillary m
40
What is the pulmonary valve?
aka the semilunar valve has R, L & ant cusps...separates R ventricle from pulmonary trunk
41
What are the pulmonary sinuses?
space btwn wall of pulmonary trunk & cusps of pulmonary valve
42
What is cardiac catheterization?
insertion of a catheter into the femoral vein which is passed up to the IVC allows radiographic visualization of the RA, RV, pulmonary trunk & pulmonary arteries
43
What is the conus arteriosus?
in the R ventricle (smooth wall before the pulmonary valve) smooth wall cavity that leads from R vent into pulmonary trunk
44
Internal features of Left Atrium
left auricle openings for 4 pulmonary v interatrial septum **thicker wall compared to R atrium
45
What is the left atrioventricular orifice?
passage from L atrium to L ventricle occluded by bicuspid valve
46
What is the bicuspid valve?
separates the L atrium from the L ventricle AKA mitral valve
47
Internal features of Left ventricle
``` bicuspid valve trabecula carnae aortic vestibule interventricular septum aortic valve ```
48
How is the bicuspid valve different from the tricuspid valve?
only has anterior & posterior cusps
49
Components of bicuspid valve
``` ant cusp post cusp chorae tendineae ant pap m post pap m ```
50
What is the aortic vestibule?
leads into ascending aorta from L vent
51
What is the interventricular septum?
myocardial wall separating the 2 ventricles houses the AV bundle, R & L bundle branches & subendocardial branches
52
Ventricular septal defects
IV septum is susceptible to defects b/c made of embryologically divergent tissues all defects are relevant b/c allow mixing of O2 rich & depleted blood
53
What is the aortic valve?
separates L ventricle from ascending aorta (aka semilunar valve)
54
What are the aortic sinuses?
space btwn wall of ascending aorta & cusps of aortic valves house the R & L coronary arteries
55
What is the conducting system of the heart?
consists of cardiac muscle cells, specialized conducting fibers & 2 bundles of nodal tissue responsible for coordinating the cardiac cycle
56
What is an artificial cardiac pacemaker?
produces a regular electrical impulse that is carried to the ventricles via electrodes inserted thru large vein to SVC, into R atrium & past tricuspid valve into endocardium of trabecula carnae of R vent
57
Define atrial fibrillation
irregular twitching of atrial cardiac muscle fibers, ventricles then respond @ irregular intervals not much affect on circulation
58
Define ventricular fibrillation
rapid irregular twitching of ventricles, renders heart UNABLE TO PUMP BLOOD administer electric shock from electrodes to stop cardiac movement so heart ma begin beating regularly again (defibrillation)
59
What is cardiac referred pain?
ischemia of cardiac muscle that stimulates visceral pain sensory fibers of ANS w/ in heart these fibers share ganglion w/ somatic sensory fibers of UE & lateral chest wall
60
Surgical significance of transverse pericardial sinus
this space allows cardiac surgeons to access area posterior to aorta & pulmonary trunk to clamp or insert tubes of a bypass machine into these vessels
61
Pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium that makes it rough & produces friction (can lead to calcification of pericardium)
62
Pericardial effusion
inflammation of pericardium can lead to accumulation of fluid/pus in pericardiac sac can compress the heart
63
What is cardiac tamponade?
compression of heart due to fluid accumulation in pericardium
64
Pericardiocentesis
process to drain blood, fluid or pus from pericardial sac (to relieve cardiac tamponade)
65
Components of pericardium
serous fibrous oblique pericardial sinus transverse pericardial sinus
66
What does the parietal serous pericardium adhere to?
fibrous pericardium
67
What does the visceral serous pericardium adhere to?
the heart itself aka the epicardium
68
Where is the oblique pericardial sinus? Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?
recess posterior to base of heart transverse passage across origins of great vessels
69
What is the vascular supply of the cardiac conducting system?
R & L coronary arteries
70
Where is the only place you can find pectinate muscle in the L atrium?
the left auricle
71
What sinus exists behind the outflow vessels?
transverse pericardial sinus

CPR Midterm (20 decks)

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