Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Core Haematology > CP45 - Common causes of anaemia and thrombocytopenia > Flashcards

CP45 - Common causes of anaemia and thrombocytopenia Flashcards

1
Q

what are some causes of anaemia excluding blood loss

A

haematinic deficiency

secondary to chronic disease

haemolysis

alcohol, drug, toxin - to damage bone marrow

renal impairment - EPO

primary haematological/marrow disease - malignant, haemoglobin disorder (sickle), aplasia, congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the different type of MCV

A

marcocytic, normocytic, microcytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are some conditions which might have macrocytic anaemia?

A

B12, folate, metabolic (thyroid/liver disease)

marrow damage (booze, drugs, marrow diseases)

haemolysis (due to reticulocytosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some conditions which might have normocytic anaemia?

A

anaemia of chronic disease/inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some conditions which might have microcytic anaemia?

A

iron deficiency, haemoglobin disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is iron stored in the body?

A

absorbed in the duodenum, stored in ferritin/haemosiderin, transported by transferrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is some test for establishing low iron

A

ferritin, MCV, %hypochromic cells, serum iron, marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does MCH

A

mean cell haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the general stratergy for establishing the main causes of iron deficiency

A

blood loss

increased demand (pregnancy/growth)

reduced absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some treatment for iron deficiency

A

oral iron, IM iron, IV iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is megaloblastic anaemia

A

a characteristic cell morphology caused by imparied DNA synthesis - cause High MCV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the causes of megaloblastic anaemia

A

B12 and/or folic acid deficiency

alcohol

drugs - cytotoxic, folate antagonists

haematological malignancy,

congenital - Transcobalamin deficiency
orotic aciduria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

purine

A

A & G - PAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is required for the synthesis of purine

A

folates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is required for folate generation?

A

B12

B12 - folate - purine - DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is B12 absorbed ?

A

gastric parietal cells produce acid contain intrinsic factors which binds to B12 and then internalises B12 in the terminal ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

who is common to get b12 deficiency

A

vegan - b12 only present in animal products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what can cause B12 deficiency

A

gastric problem - pernicious anaemia (autoimmune), gastrectomy

small bowel problems - terminal ileal resection/Crohns, fish tapeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where in folic acid present

A

mainly in green veg, beans

20
Q

where is folic acid absorbed

A

upper small bowel

21
Q

what is the commonest cause of folic deficiency

A

dietary, malnutrition, malabsorption, increased usage - pregnancy, haemolysis, severely ill

22
Q

common features for B12 or folate deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

Can have pancytopenia if more severe

Mild jaundice

Glossitis / angular stomatitis

anorexia / wt loss
sterility

23
Q

what is pancytopenia

A

deficiency of all three cellular components of the blood (red cells, white cells, and platelets).

24
Q

what are some lab features for B12 + folate deficiency

A

bilirubin and LDH - haemolysis

low B12 and folate levels

antibodies

GI problems

25
Q

what is pernicious anaemia

A

autoimmune specific to parietal cells/intrinsic factors - increase stomach Ca

26
Q

what does SACDC stands for

A

subacute combined degeneration of the cord

B12 deficiency - damages to the brain and CNS

27
Q

How does SACDC usually present

A

peripheral nerve damages

28
Q

what causes SACDC

A

cause of severe B12 deficiency

29
Q

how is B12 deficiency treated

A

b12 + folate until B12 deficiency exclude

folic acid should not be given in isolation

30
Q

what is haemolysis

A

shortened red cell life

31
Q

what can cause haemolysis

A

something wrong with
- inside of red cell (haemoglobinopathy sickle cell)

  • red cell membrane (Hereditary Spherocytosis / elliptocytosis)
- external to the red cell 
(Antibodies (warm / cold)
Drugs, toxins
Heart valves
Vascular / vasculitis / ‘microangiopathy’)
32
Q

what can indicate the present of haemolysis

A

anaemic, high MCV, macrocytic, high reticulocytes, raised bilrubin, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), Urinary Haemosiderin

33
Q

treatment of haemolytic anaemia

A

steriods/immunosuppression, transfusion

34
Q

what are some common causes for anaemia of chronic disease

A

malignant/inflammatory/infectious

multiple medial disease (DM, autoimmune)

35
Q

what is the fundemential cause to anaemia of chronic disease

A

abnormal iron metabolism, poor erythropoetin response and blunted marrow response

release of inflammatory cytokines esp. Hepcidin (regulator of iron absorption and release from macrophages)

36
Q

what are the features of ACD

A 
No other causes of anaemia
A suitable medical history
Usually mild anaemia, normal MCV
Often raised inflammatory markers
ESR, CRP, PV etc
Normal/high ferritin + low serum iron
Normal % Saturation transferrin
37
Q

what is the common causes of thrombocytopenia

A

Drugs, alcohol, toxins

ITP (sometimes associated with lymphoma/CLL/HIV)

Other autoimmune diseases

Liver disease and / or hypersplenism

Pregnancy (physiological and a range of complications)

Haematological / marrow diseases

Infections acute or otherwise e.g.
Acute sepsis / HIV / other viral infections (EBV and many others)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

38
Q

what does ITP stands for

A

immune thrombocytopenic purpura

39
Q

what is ITP?

A 
immune disorder 
Occurs on its own or as part of:
Other autoimmune disease
Lymphomas  / CLL 
HIV
Can be acute /chronic / relapsing
40
Q

what is a common cause for ITP in children

A

post-viral infection - self-limiting problem

41
Q

what is the common presentation of ITP?

A

Bruising or petechiae or bleeding, varied degree of low platelet

42
Q

what is the treatment for ITP?

A

Steroid remains first line

IV immunoglobulin

Other immunosuppressives or splenectomy are common next options

Newer thrombo-mimetics now have a place
Eltrombopag
Romiplostin

43
Q

what does TTP stands for?

A

Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura

44
Q

what is TTP

A

rare - largely immunological conditions

45
Q

what are some presentation for TTP

A

Fever
Neurological symptoms
Haemolysis (retics / LDH)

46
Q

treatment for TTP?

A

steroids, transfusion

Core Haematology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions