CP35 - Intro to Haematology Flashcards
what is haematology
Biology and pathology of the cells that normally circulate in the blood
what is haemopoiesis
The physiological developmental process that gives rise to the cellular components of blood
eg - a single multipotent haemopoietic stem cell can divide and differentiate to from different cell lineages that will populate the blood
what are the 4 types of haemopoietic stem cells?
symmetric self-renewal - give off 2 identical daughter cells
asymmetric self-renewal - give off one daughter call and a progenitor cell
lack of self-renewal - give off 2 different progenitor cells - ie deleting the original stem cells
lack of self-renewal - no differentiation at all ie maintain stem cell pool
what are the 2 different types of haemopoiesis differentiation
myeloid & lymphoid
which one of the 2 different types of haemopoiesis differentiation give rise to blood component
myeloid linage
when does haemopoiesis start?
at day 27 of the embryo - in the aorta
then migrate to the foetal liver at around 40 after circulating foetal blood stream (subsequent site of haemopoiesis.)
what are some of the functions of the blood cells
O2 transport
coagulation
immune response to infection
immune response to abnormal cells
what is the features of RBC?
Erythrocytes
lifespan 120 days in blood
what is polycytheaemia
increase RBC
what are the 3 different subdivision for WBC?
granulocyes, lymphocytes, monocytes
what are the 3 members for granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
what does granulocytes contain
cytoplasmic granules
what is the main job of neutrophils?
phagocytes
what is the most common WBC in blood
neutrophils
what does neutrophilia mean
increase no. of neutrophils
what does neutropenia mean
decreased no. of neutrophils - chemo
what sort of infection does eosinophils appear in?
parasitic, allergic reaction
when is basophils seen?
rare in normal setting - but common in chronic myeloid leukaemia
what is the function of monocytes
phagocytic & antigen-presenting
what is the name for monocytes when they enter the tissue
macrophages or histocytes eg langerhan cells in skin, kupffer cells in liver
what does monocytosis mean
increase in no. of monocytes
which immune system does NK cells belong to?
innate
which immune system does B cells belong to?
adaptive immune system humoural response - contain immunoglobin genes to enable antigen specific antibody production
when will you see atypical lymphocytes ?
glandular fever, chronic lympocytic leukaemia
what does lymphocytosis mean
increased no. of lymphocytes
what does lymphopenia mean
decreased no. of lymphocytes - bone marrow transplant
what does plasma lymphocytes do?
make immunoglobulin
which condition is associated with plasma cells
myeloma - overproduction of plasma cells
what does platelets come from
bone marrow megakaryocytes
what is the reference range for a normal range
95% of the normal population
what is sensitivity of a test?
defined as the proportion of abnormal results correctly classified by the test ( looking for positive)
expresses the ability to detect a true abnormality
what is the equation to find sensitivity
TP / (TP+FN)
what is specificity of a test?
expresses the ability to exclude an abnormal result in a healthy persn
what is the equation to find specificity?
TN = (TN +FP)
what is the range for microcytic hypochromic anaemia
MCV
what is the range for normocytic normochromic anaemia
MCV 80 -95
MCH > 27
what is the range for macrocytic normochromic anaemia
MCV > 95
what is the common cause for macrocytic normochromic anaemia
alcohol abuse, megaloblastic - vit B12 or folate acid abnormal
