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VET - ClinPath2 > CP2 Final Study > Flashcards

CP2 Final Study Flashcards

1
Q

Radiolucent stone seen with liver disease

A

Struvite urolith

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2
Q

May result from a renal tubular defect

A

Calcium oxalate urolith

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3
Q

Radiopaque stone that likely is the result of a UTI

A

Ammonium urate urolith

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4
Q

Majority occur in male dogs and must be surgically removed

A

Silica urolith

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5
Q

Jack-like appearance and the result of corn gluten in the diet

A

Cysteine urolith

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6
Q

The best method of collection for urinalysis and urine culture

A

cystocentesis, 2nd best Catheterization

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7
Q

The most common pathogen isolated from UTIs

A

E. coli

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8
Q

How does E. coli, HEC, REC, MEC differ in appearance when cultured

A

E. coli - Lactose positive with bile precipitate on MAC
HEC - Flat/dry consistency, beta heme on BA
REC - Flat/dry, Gamma Heme
MEC - Mucoid, Gamma Heme

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9
Q

What abnormal findings on a routine urinalysis are associated with UTI?

A

Increased pH, Increased WBC/RBC, Bacteria, crystals // Pollakiuria, +/- Hematuria, increased WBC/RBC, bacteria, +/- crystalluria

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10
Q

What underlying conditions can predipose a pet to a UTI?

A

FEMALE ANATOMY, CONGENITAL PROBLEMS
*UNDERLYING DISEASES (DM, CUSHINGS)
*EXOGENOUS STEROIDS
*CATHETERIZATION
*NEOPLASIA
*UROLITHIASIS

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11
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosis?

A

Urine culture

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12
Q

What could be a potential sequelae of infection with urease producing bacteria?

A

Formation of struvite crystals and subsequent urolith formation

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13
Q

What abnormal findings on a routine urinalysis are associated with Urolithiasis?

A

POLLAKIURIA, HEMATURIA, RECURRENT SIGNS, BACTERIAL INFECTION

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14
Q

What abnormal findings on a routine urinalysis are associated with Diabetes?

A

GLUCOSURIA (ALONG WITH HYPERGLYCEMIA), PU/PD ANIMAL

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15
Q

What abnormal findings on a routine urinalysis are associated with Acute Renal diseases?

A

CASTS, RBC, WBC, USG USUALLY NORMAL, PROTEINURIA, BACTERIA

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16
Q

What abnormal findings on a routine urinalysis are associated with Pyelonephritis?

A

WBC, WBC CASTS, BACTERIA, LOW USG, SICK ANIMAL

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17
Q

What abnormal findings on a routine urinalysis are associated with Renal failure?

A

RBC, PROTEINURIA, RBC CASTS, LOW USG

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18
Q

What abnormal findings on a routine urinalysis are associated with Glomerulonephritis?

A

ISOSTENURIC URINE (ALONG WITH AZOTEMIA), PU/PD, MAY SEE CASTS, SEDIMENT USUALLY UNREMARKABLE

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19
Q

What is this?

A

Fat droplets

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20
Q

What is this?

A

Hair/fiber

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21
Q

What is this?

A

Pollen

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22
Q

What is this?

A

Starch granule

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23
Q

What is this?

A

Bacteria

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24
Q

What is this?

A

Pearsonema Plica

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25
Q

What is this?

A

Fungal Hyphae

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26
Q

What parasites can be seen in urine?

A

Pearsonema Plica, Dictyophema renale

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27
Q

What is the significance of finding bacteria in a urine sample?

A

COULD INDICATE INFECTION OR CONTAMINATION

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28
Q

Describe this cast

A

Fatty casts - seen with diabetics (esp in cats)

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29
Q

Describe this cast

A

Broad casts; 1 = cellular, 2= granular, 3&4 waxy

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30
Q

Describe this cast

A

Waxy casts, seen in end stage renal disease

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31
Q

Describe this cast

A

Granular casts (some coarse, some fine), seen with the degeneration of cellular casts, strenuous excersise, renal disease

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32
Q

Describe this cast

A

Renal epithelial cell cast, seen with tubular necrosis and acute nephritis

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33
Q

Describe this cast

A

Cellular casts (mostly RBC/possibly mixed), far right cast is becoming waxy

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34
Q

Describe this cast

A

Cellular casts

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35
Q

Describe this cast

A

WBC casts, seen with pyelonephritis, acute nephritis

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36
Q

Describe this cast

A

WBC casts, seen with pyelonephritis, acute nephritis

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37
Q

Describe this cast

A

Hemoglobin cast, Red-orange-yellow color due to RBC lysis

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38
Q

Describe this cast

A

RBC casts, seen with glomerulonephritis

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39
Q

Describe this cast

A

Hyaline casts, seen withe exercise, stress, fever, any level of renal disease

40
Q

What conditions are needed for cast formation?

A

Acidic, slow moving filtrate, T-H Mucoprotein; can also see INCREASED TURBIDITY, LOW USG, POSITIVE PROTEIN, OTHER SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION (RBC, WBC)

41
Q

What do casts represent?

A

A MOLD OF THE TUBULES WHERE THAT FLOW WAS DECREASED

42
Q

What casts are of the least significance?

A

Hyaline, granular

43
Q

Describe this crystal(s)

A

Leucine and tyrosine
seen with liver disease
Other findings : PATHOLOGY CONSISTENT WITH LIVER DISEASE, OTHER LIVER ASSOCIATED CRYSTALS, BILIRUBINURIA

44
Q

Describe this crystal(s)

A

Cysteine
- caused by defect in proxima tubular reabsorption of cystine
- sex-linked recessive trait in male dogs (commonly Daschunds)

45
Q

Describe this crystal(s)

A

Ammonium Biurate
- seen in Dalmations and bulldogs
- frequenltly seen with Portosystemic shunts

46
Q

Describe this crystal(s)

A

Calcium carbonate
- common in horse, rabbit, guinea pig, goats
- multiple formations (round/circular, picket fence)

47
Q

Describe this crystal(s)

A

Bilirubin
- can be seen in healthy dogs
- seen with pathology of the liver
- can also note : POSITIVE BILIRUBIN ON STRIP, AMBER/DARK COLORED URINE, OTHER PATHOLOGY CONSISTENT WITH LIVER DISEASE

48
Q

Describe this crystal(s)

A

Uric Acid
- commonly seen in Dalmations and bulldogs

49
Q

Describe this crystal(s)

A

Struvite Triple Phosphate
- When these are seen be on the look out for UTI (WBC, bacteria, Alkaline pH)
- make sure sample does not sit too long before analysis

50
Q

Describe this crystal(s)

A

Calcium oxalate monohydrate
- normal in horses
- result of ethylene glycol toxicity (windsheild washer fluid)

51
Q

Describe this crystal(s)

A

Calcium oxalate dihydrate
- Normal crystal
- seen in acidic/neutral/slightly alkaline (most often acidic)

52
Q

Identify this cell(s)

A

1 = renal epithelial, 2 = oval fat body
- is a result of tubular damage (necrosis/nephritis)
- other abnormal parameters : Low USG, Protein, Increases i other cell types, casts, low pH

53
Q

Identify this cell(s)

A

Transitional epithelial cell
- seen with inflammation, trauma during catheterization, neoplasia
- other abnormal parameters : (none = trauma) or consistent with inflammation (illness)

54
Q

Identify this cell(s)

A

RBC
- increase caused by hemorrhage along the genitourinary tract, glomerular disease, estrus/menstration
- can also note : color (red tinged, + blood on strip, turbidity)
- can be confused for yeast, fat droplets, calcium oxalate monohydrate (oval form)

55
Q

Identify this cell(s)

A

WBC
- increase caused by inflammatory process along the genitourinary tract
- can also note : pH, protein, turbitity

56
Q

Describe a sediment exam

A

after centrifugation, decant supernatant, resuspend, transfer unstained drop to slide with coverslip, add stain to remaining sediment, mix and transfer another drop to same slide, evaluate two preparations side by side for each patient

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of sedistain?

A

development of stain precipitate that can be confused for bacteria or crystals

58
Q

Confirmatory testing for protein

A

SSA (albumin, globulins) and Bence Jones (proteins)

59
Q

Confirmatory testing for glucose/reducing sugars

A

Clintest tablet test

60
Q

Confirmatory testing for bilirubin

A

Ictotest and chemistry analyzer

61
Q

Confirmatory testing for ketones

A

Actetest and chemistry analyzer

62
Q

Conditions that cause ketonuria

A

Starvation/anorexia, lactating cows, pregnant/lactating ewes, uncontrolled diabetics, high fat diets

63
Q

Conditions that cause bilirubinuria

A

Normal low threshold in canines, liver disease, bile duct obstruction, hemolysis

64
Q

A sample with a USG of 1.045, pH 8.5, 1+ protein and an unremarkable urine sediment. What could be causing that positive protein result?

A
  • false elevation due to alkaline pH
65
Q

A sample is positive for hemoglobin/hemolyzed blood•What should you be looking closely for on the sediment exam?

A

presence or absence of RBCs, especially ghost cells as an indicator of hemolysis

66
Q

A clear, yellow sample has 2+ blood on the strip. How is this possible? •How do you confirm that positive result?

A

Microscopic exam - increased RBCs noted but not significant to alter the gross color of the sample

67
Q

A sample has at 3 + protein, pH of 6.5 and USG of 1.020. What further testing could be done on this sample? Other factors that could contribute to positive protein?

A

confirmation by SSA, examine sediment and perform urine protein:creatinine ratio on the supernatant

68
Q

Is a 1+ protein from a sample with a USG of >1.040 significant?

A

Not usually. this can be normal in a highly concentrated sample

69
Q

What parameters are falsely decreased by ascorbic acid?

A

Glucose, blood, bilirubin, nitrates

70
Q

What confirmatory test for bilirubin is no longer on the market? What is an alternative test for confirming this?

A

ictotest tablet test

71
Q

In what species is bilirubinuria normal?

A

Canine

72
Q

What parameters have the least significance in a chemical analysis?

A

Urobilinogen, Nitrite, Leukocytes, Specific Gravity

73
Q

What parameter of chemical analysis will be abnormal with diabetes

A

glucose +/- ketones, pH

74
Q

What parameter of chemical analysis will be abnormal with renal disease

A

possibly protein

75
Q

What parameter of chemical analysis will be abnormal with starvation/anorexia

A

likely ketones, pH

76
Q

What substances interfer with chemical analysis

A

ascorbic acid, highly pigmented samples

77
Q

How is turbidity classified?

A

How is turbidity classified?

78
Q

How would you classify each turbidity?

A

A = clear
B = Hazy
C = Cloudy
D = Turbid

79
Q

What findings may be affected (chemical and microscopic) with increasing turbidity?

A

cells, crytals, mucus, bacteria

80
Q

Describe each of the colors shown here:

A

A = LIGHT YELLOW
B= YELLOW
C= AMBER
D= RED-TINGED
E= REDDISH BROWN

81
Q

What could be causing each of these color changes?

A
  • A AND B LIKELY NORMAL
  • C-COULD BE NORMAL CANINE SAMPLE, CONCENTRATED SAMPLE, BILIRUBINURIA
  • D-HEMATURIA/HEMOGLOBINURIA
  • E-HEMATURIA, HEMOGLOBINURIA, MYOGLOBINURIA
82
Q

What chemical results might you expect?

A

C, D AND E-MAY BE POSITIVE FOR BILIRUBIN OR KETONES AS SAMPLES ARE PIGMENTED
*D +/-E ARE LIKELY POSITIVE FOR BLOOD-HEMOLYZED OR NON

83
Q

What might you expect to see on the sediment exam for each sample?

A

D AND E –LOOKING CLOSELY FOR RBCS, GHOST CELLS

84
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased urine production

85
Q

Oliguira

A

Decreased urine production

86
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine production

87
Q

Normal urine output

A

20-40 mL/kg/day (10-20mL/#/day)

88
Q

what connect ammonia, fruity/sweet, putrid to conditions

A

bacterial contamination = Ammonia

89
Q

alikuria

A

alikuria

90
Q

What is specific gravity

A

measurement compared to water

91
Q

Isostenuric range

A

1.008-1.012

92
Q

Azotemia

A

Azotemia

93
Q

Why do diabetics have a higher than expected USG despite being PU/PD?

A

glucosuria

94
Q

What is the standard time and speed for centrifugation?

A

1000-2000 rpm for 3-5 min

95
Q

the steps for performing a complete UA

A

RECORD PATIENT INFORMATION, PERFORM PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ON WELL MIXED SAMPLE

96
Q

What are some sources of error when performing a UA? and affects to results

A

MPROPER HANDLING, ROUGH HANDLING, DELAY IN TIME TO ANALYSIS.

VET - ClinPath2 (10 decks)

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