CP Flashcards
1
Q
lipophilic means
A
ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats/oil/lipids/nonpolar solvents
i.e. hexane
2
Q
what makes lidocaine lipophilic
A
- dominated by large, nonpolar aromatic ring
- alkyl groups
3
Q
molality equation
A
m = mol / Kg
4
Q
molality means
A
calculating moles of solute per kg of solvent
5
Q
molarity equation
A
M = moles / L
6
Q
molarity means
A
moles calculated per liter of solution
7
Q
distinct mark of a fatty acid chain
A
long alkyl chain + ends in a carboxylic acid
8
Q
explain alpha decay
A
atomic nucleus emits alpha particle
daughter is an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less than parents
9
Q
beta plus decay
A
aka positron emission
positron emitted from parent nucleus
daughter has 1 less proton
10
Q
beta minus decay
A
neutron converts into proton
electron emitted
daughter has atomic number that increases by 1
11
Q
why would PO4^3- molecules utilize proton-coupled transport mechanisms to enter the cell
A
PO4^3- is hydrophilic (neg charge ion)
cannot cross hydrophobic interior of membrane
12
Q
inspiration comes from
A
initially increasing volume of lungs
pressure gradient created
air pressure in lungs is less than the air pressure in environment
13
Q
when air pressure gradient is not as great…
A
less air enters lungs with every breath
difficulty breathing occurs at high altitudes for this reason
14
Q
how to calculate mechanical work
A
Fdcos(θ)
15
Q
surface tension decreases as
A
temperature rises
16
Q
when warmer solutions are being ejected sooner, what is the reason
A
either electrical forces increase or surface tension decreases
17
Q
why is very unlikely that the lactam in penicilin would covert to an ester
A
not thermodynamically favorable to transform from a more stable form (amide) to a more reactive one (ester)
18
Q
due to what reason are beta-lactams more susceptible to nucleophilic attacks than amides?
A
DUE TO RING STRAIN
19
Q
positive ions flow down voltage gradients from
A
high to low voltage
20
Q
when the voltage inside cell is more negative, sodium ions will
A
flow passively down the voltage gradient
21
Q
extracellular concentration of sodium ions is
A
greater than their intracellular concentration
22
Q
explain “salty bananas”
A
extracellular concentration of sodium > intracellular (“salty”)
intracellular concentration of potassium > extracellular (“bananas”)
23
Q
proteases cleaves…
A
peptide bonds at the carboxyl terminal of acidic AAs
24
Q
name the two AAs that are acidic
A
aspartic acid (Asp) / (D)
glutamic acid (Glu) / (E)
25
what would have the largest decrease in entropy? melting, condesation, sublimation or deposition?
deposition
goes from highest to lowest entropy
26
sublimation goes from
solid to gas (low to high entropy)
27
liquid exhibit a small or large change in volume when temperature increases
small
28
gases exhibit what kind of change with temperature increase
large
29
heat of fusion and heat of vaporization do not involve a
phase change
30
liquids are more what compared to vapors
ordered
smaller entropy
31
ideal gas law solely pertains to
gases
32
heat (q) =
mc Δ T
33
equation for heat required to vaporize liquid
mΔHvap
34
Intensity (I) =
P/A (Power/Area)
35
Power (P) =
IA
36
relationship between power and energy
P = W/t
37
energy received by ear
W = Pt = IAt
38
Doppler effect shifts
frequency
cannot dampen sounds
39
fundamental rules of waves is that frequency does not...
change when wave travels from medium to another
having a different medium b/w air and ear wouldn't change the frequency
40
constructive interferences would increase or decrease intensity of sounds
INCREASE
41
destructive interference can occur by adding wave energy out of phase with...
the incoming sound
decreasing amplitude
42
which of the following have no charge?
alpha particles
proton beams
gamma photons
beta particles
gamma photons
43
magnetic fields exert forces on
moving charged particles
44
do magnetic fields have any effect on photons?
no b/c they have no chart
45
terminal species in the ETC
oxygen
46
NADH donates its electrons to
the first electron carrier in the ETC
47
product of NADH oxidation
NAD+
48
NAD+ has what electron affinity
LOW
49
FADH2 enters ETC by
donating its electron directly to CoQ
50
oxidized FAD will have a lower or higher affinity than CoQ?
LOWER
51
saponification is the
basic hydrolysis of ester bonds in a triglyceride
52
what do liver enzymes employ to produce bile acids?
oxidation by adding new carboxylic acid that contains 3 new bonds to oxygen atoms
53
what contributes to the fact that the small intestine cannot passively absorb bile salts?
1) taurine and glycine have low pKa values
2) pancreatic secretions increase intestinal pH
54
how do pancreatic secretions increase intestinal pH?
pancreatic secretions contain bicarbonate (a base) which raises the pH
55
lipase works to hydrolyze which functional group?
ester
56
sources of degrees of unsaturation
rings and multiple bonds
57
shorter wavelengths equate to photons of
larger energies
58
excited state and ground state have the same
overall charge (no electron transfer)
59
once in the excited state, the molecule can...
relax a bit of its energy as heat
before losing what's left of its energy as an emitted photon
60
nucleophilicity increases going which way on the periodic table?
down
due to greater size/polarizability
61
stronger nucleophile slows or speeds up reaction?
speeds up
61
a cyclic sugar w/ 5 atoms in the ring is in what form?
furanose form
62
D-sugar has an R or S configuration?
R configuration at the last stereocenter
63
L sugar has what configuration?
S configuration
64
lipases are produced by the
pancreas
65
liver is responsible for
regulation of carbohydrate metabolism (glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis)
deamination of AA and conversion of resulting ammonia to urea
lipid metabolism (cholesterol and lipoprotein synthesis)
66
torque =
Fd sin θ
F = force creating torque
d = distance from force to rotation point
θ = angle between F and d
67
define centripetal force
force pointing into center of the circle
68
how do crown ether molecules affect polarity?
don't significantly affect polarity of an ether solvent
will be miscible with it
69
crown ether molecules don't contain any protic hydrogens to....
hydrogen bond w/ the solvent
70
crown ethers shield the
amine from h-bonding interactions w/ the solvent
decreasing amine's solubility
71
all mammalian AAs have what configuration?
L configuration except achiral glycine
72
L configuration means
there's a S stereocenter at the alpha carbon
73
creatine phosphokinase is the enzyme used to
catalyze the reversible rxn b/w creatine and creatine phosphate
74
when a rxn is reversible, it cannot have a
committed step
75
catalysts DON'T AFFECT what in kinetics?
ΔG and spotaneity
76
positive charges undergo what from higher to lower electric potential?
a force
77
positive charge lowers or increases potential energy
lowers
78
electric field lines point in a direction that a positive charge would
undergo a force
79
electric field lines would point in the direction of
lower electric potential
e.g. 200 V to 100 V
80
concentration is given by
M = mol/L
81
rate is given by units
M/s
82
M/s is the same as
mol/(L x s)
83
second order rate law
rate = k[A]^2
84
when does an aldehyde gains an oxygen?
when it's converted to a -COOH
85
which of the following could affect any of the dissociation constants for hemoglobin?
1) decreasing temp
2) adding NH3
3) increasing [O2]
decreasing temp
adding NH3
86
K' is what for any equilibrium at a certain temperature
constant
87
what alters K'
changing temperature
88
AHED mneomnic
Absorb Light
Higher potential
Excited
Distant from nucleus
89
diamagnetic means all electrons are
PAIRED
90
electrons are repelled by an external magnetic field in diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
diamagnetic
91
1 or more unpaired electrons in diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
paramagnetic
92
in paramagnetic, electrons are
pulled into an external magnetic field
93
follow (what) to build the atom's electron configuration
Hund's Rule
94
quantum number n =
principal number
95
n labels
electron energy level or shell number
96
possible values for n
1,2,3...
97
l =
azimuthal
3D shape of orbital
98
possible values for l
0,1,2,.... n-1
99
ml =
magnetic
orbital sub-type
100
s orbital =
0
101
p orbital =
1
102
d orbital =
2
103
f orbital =
3
104
g orbital =
4
105
ms =
spin
electron spin
106
rank the IM forces from weakest to strongest
London Dispersion
Dipole-Dipole
Hydrogen
107
coordinate covalent bonds involve
a single atom providing both bonding electrons
most often found in Lewis acid-base chemistry
108
suffix for acids with MORE oxygen
-ic
109
suffix for acids with LESS oxygen (than -ic)
-ous
110
equivalent mass is the
mass of an acid that yields 1 mole of H+
or
mass of a base that reacts w/ 1 mole of H+
111
combination reaction form
ONE product from two or more reactants
112
decomposition reaction involves
a single reactant breaking down
113
combustions involves
a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and O2 (g)
commonly forms CO2 and water
114
what type of reaction involves an atom or ion in a compound replaced by another atom or ion?
single displacement
115
what type of reaction has elements from 2 compounds swap places?
double displacement (metathesis)
116
neutralization rxn:
a type of double-replacement rxn
117
-ΔG =
exergonic
spontaneous
118
+ΔG =
endergonic
not spontaneous
119
ΔG =
Ea - Ea rev
120
which products are higher in free energy?
kinetic
121
kinetic products can form at lower or higher temps
lower
122
kinetic products are known as
"fast" products b/c they can form more quickly under such conditions
123
thermodynamic products are lower or higher in free E?
lower
more stable
slower but more spontaneous
124
isolated systems exchange
neither matter nor energy w/ the environment
125
closed system can exchange
energy but not matter w/ the environment
126
open system can exchange
both energy and matter with the environment
127
isothermal process =
constant temp
128
adiabatic process exchanges
no heat w/ the environment
129
isobaric process =
constant pressure
130
isovolumetric =
constant volume
131
state functions describe the
physical ppties of an equilibrium state
pathway independent
132
state functions
pressure
density
temp
volume
enthalpy
internal energy
gibbs free E
entropy
133
standard conditions
298 K
1 atm
1 M
134
fusion =
solid to liquid
135
freezing =
liquid to solid
136
vaporization =
liquid to gas
137
sublimation =
solid to gas
138
deposition =
gas to solid
139
triple point =
point in phase diagram where all 3 phases exist
140
supercritical fluid =
density of gas = density of liquid
no distinction b/w two phases
141
F =
(9/5 C) + 32
142
solid --> liquid --> gas is endo or exothermic?
endothermic
gases have more heat energy than liquids and liquids have more heat energy than solids
143
gas --> liquid --> solid is endo or exothermic?
exothermic b/c of the heat released
144
ΔHrxn =
from heat of formations
ΔH products - ΔH reactants
145
ΔH rxn =
from bond dissociation energies
ΔH reactants - ΔH products
146
standard entropy of rxn
ΔSrxn = ΔS products - ΔS reactants
147
gibbs free energy (G) =
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
148
entropy is maxed at
equilibrium
149
gibbs free E is derived from
enthalpy and entropy
150
ΔG < 0
spontaneous
151
ΔG = 0
equilibrium
152
ΔG > 0
non-spotaneous
153
oxidizing agent is a
substance that causes another substance to lose electrons and undergo oxidation
154
reducing agent is a
substance that causes another substance to gain electrons and undergo reduction
155
what does thermodynamically favorable mean
reaction is energetically favorable and can proceed spontaneously without input of external energy
156
what does thermodynamically unfavorable mean
rxn requires some input of energy to proceed
157
reduction potential is a measure of the
tendency of chemical species to gain electrons (be reduced)
158
more positive reduction potential means what?
better oxidizing agent and easier to reduce
159
half-reaction is a chemical equation that either the
oxidation or reduction process occurring in a redox rxn
160
a reduced compound has a higher number of
electrons than its oxidized counterpart
161
atom radium increases in which direction?
DOWN bc you're adding shells (principle quantum number increases)
162
atom radius decreases left or right?
right because you add protons
increases positive charge which draws electrons closer
163
fluorine will hog electrons in a bond due to
a highly charged nucleus
164
BEAR stands for
basicity
electronegativity, electron affinity, ionization Energy
acidity
atomic Radius
165
6 strong acids to know
sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
hydroiodic acid (HI)
hydrobromic acid (HBr)
nitric acid (HNO3)
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
perchloric acid (HClO4)
166
good leaving groups are
conjugate bases of strong acids
167
poor leaving groups are
conjugate bases of weak acids
168
So I Brought No Clean Clothes stands for
sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
hydroiodic acid (HI)
hydrobromic acid (HBr)
nitric acid (HNO3)
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
perchloric acid (HClO4)
169
nucleophiles are
electron-rich molecules that donate electrons to form bonds
similar to lewis bases
170
examples of nucleophiles
carbanions, water, ammonia, cyanide ion
171
electrophiles are
electron-poor molecules that accept electrons to form bonds
similar to lewis acids
172
examples of electrophiles
cations (H+ and NO+), HCl, carbocations, carbonyl compounds
173
in an SN1 reaction,
the leaving group leaves before a nucleophile takes its place
174
in an SN2 reaction,
the LG is pushed out at the same time as the nucleophile comes in
175
