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BVetMed - Alimentary > Cow Abdo Problems > Flashcards

Cow Abdo Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 most common abdo problems of cattle?

A
  • Bloat
  • Traumatic reticulitis
  • Rumen acidosis
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2
Q

What is the average volume of the rumen?

A

180-200l

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the rumen and at what pH does it function?

A

Digest cellulose -> VFAs

pH 6.2 - 7

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4
Q

What is the main VFA produced in a healthy rumen? What is this used for?

A

Acetate -> Milk fat

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5
Q

What % milk fat is good for a healthy cow? What do differences in this indicate?

A

4.2%

Lower indicates rumen issues

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6
Q

How does rumen acidosis occour? How does this affect rumen output?

A

Starch and sugar digestion decreases pH. Only organisms capable of functioning at low pH survive, main VFAs become propionate and butyrate. Severe pH decreases -> rumen stasis.

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7
Q

How much saliva does a cow produced per day? What stimulates production?

A

100-150l contains 3.5kg bicarbonate .Chewing and ruminating encourage by fibre in diet. Needs to be comfortable and lying down ~14 hrs/day

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8
Q

What causes acute ruminal acidosis? How common is this? What is the prognosis?

A

Rare, but life threatening clinical emergency with poor prognosis. Sudden ingestion of large amounts of fermentable carbohydrates eg. animal breaking into feed stores, overfeeding or concentrates or sudden lack of forage/straw bedding. Usually beef cattle.

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with acute acidoisis? What is the prognosis?

A
  • dull/recumbent
    -ataxia
    -anorexia
    -laminitis (may cross legs)
    -rumen stasis and abdo distension sometimes
    -dehydtrated, ^ pulse, sunken eyes
    >guarded prognosis
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10
Q

How is acute rumenal acidosis treated?

A
  • 5% sodium bicarbonate slow i/v 5l/450kg over 30 mins OR drench (-> massive bloating!)
  • i/v fluids isotonic NaCl 150ml/kg over 6-12hrs
  • oral magnesium hydroxide 500g/450kg
  • rumenotomy and/or rumen lavage
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11
Q

Where is SARA usually seen?

A

dairy herds

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12
Q

What clinical signs are associated with SARA?

A
  • ill defined herd syndrome
  • v milk fat and v yields
  • laminitis (solar ulcers/solar heamorrhages)
  • v apetite
  • liver abscesses due to bacteria crossing from rumen. septic foci break down -> thrombosis of the caudal vena cava, bits break off and lodge in lungs, erode blood vessels -> heamoptysis and epistaxis (caudal vena cava syndrome)
  • high culling rate in herd
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13
Q

What are the clinical signs assocated with rumen bloat (tympany)

A 
- distension of left flank 
> mild: distension of sublumbar fossa
> more severe: whole left flank
> very severe: entire abdomen 
- sudden death (may die overnight after being turned out at pasture) 
- may be distressed, dyspnoic
- may be recumbent
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14
Q

Which cows are usually affected by frothy bloat?

A

Cattle at pasture (foaming properties of soluble leaf proteins esp legumes, clovers, alfalfa and rich lush pastures) or high cereal diets. Often multiple cows.

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15
Q

What is the treatment for frothy bloat?

A
  • remove cattle from pasture/feed source
  • passing stomach tube will not relieve bloat
  • trocar into rumen will not relieve bloat
    > treat with antifoaming agent
  • poloxalene (bloat guard) 25-50g
  • mineral oil/corn oil 500ml
  • simethicone 100ml (BIRP)
    > sit in sternal recumbency
    > consider strip grazing, buffer feeding
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16
Q

What may cause gaseous bloat?

A
  • excessive carbohydrate intake
  • oesophageal obstruction
  • milk fever (will be fine once Ca has been replenished)
  • lateral recumbency (blocks cardia)
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17
Q

What may cause oesophageal obstruction?

A
  • choke
  • lesions of oesophageal groove (vagus indigestion or actinobacillus)
  • enlarge mediastinal LNs following pnumonia
  • tetanus
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18
Q

How is gaseous bloat treated?

A

Stomach tube or rumen puncture

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19
Q

Give 2 types of rumen puncture tools

A

Red Devils trocar and cannula or normal

20
Q

What must be remembered with red devils trocar?

A

take the cap off

21
Q

What are the 3 landmarks for rumen puncture?

A

tuber coxae (wing of ileum)
tranverse processes
last rib

22
Q

What surgery can be performed to relieve bloat?

A

Rumenotomy

23
Q

What is traumatic reticulo-peritonitis also called? What may this lead to?

A
  • Wire or hardware disease

- Local/diffuse peritonitis, pericarditis, liver abscess

24
Q

What may be found incidentally on abdo surgery?

A

Marks from local peritonitis - cattle v good at isolating infection (cf. horses etc.)

25
Q

What are common causes of hardware disease?

A

Wire from tyres (silage clamps), bales, nails

- TMR means many cows may be affected at once

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of reticulo-peritonitis

A
  • vague numerous presentations
  • v milk yield and appetite
  • ^ temp
  • arching back
  • v rumen contraction rate and reticulorumen movement reduced or painful
  • jugular pulse over 1/3 of the way up the neck
  • splashing sounds over heart
  • withers pinch test (should drop, not grunt/resist)
  • pole test (under shoulders)
  • eric williams test
27
Q

What is the Eric Williams test?

A

Two types of rumen cycle:

  1. reticulum-rumen no eructation
  2. rumen only with eructation
    - pain just before 1 starts (grunt, hold breath, shuffle feet)
28
Q

How may reticulo-peritonitis be treated?

A
  • tie animal with front feet raised
  • parenteral antibiotics 5-7d
  • pain relief
    >rumenotomy to remove wire
    >slaughter
29
Q

Give 5 causes of pings heard in the abdomen

A

LDA, RDA, torsion of abomasum, ceacal dilatation + torsion, gas in spiral colon [not pathological]

30
Q

Where does the abomasum lie in the healthy cow?

A

Ventral and slightly to the right

31
Q

Which is more common. LDA or RDA?

A

LDA - RDA rarer but more serious

32
Q

Which cows are predisposed to LDA?

A

High yielding dairy cows, within 6 weeks of calving (but can occour in any class)

33
Q

What are the causes of LDA?

A 
Poorly understood
- poor management over transition period (dry->post calving period)
- ^ concentrate diet 
- insufficient fibre 
- diet changes too quickly 
- other diseases (milk fever, RFM) 
- genetics 
>VFAs spill into abomasum
34
Q

What are the clinical signs of LDA?

A
  • may be mild initially
  • v milk yield
  • changed apetite sometimes (v concentrate but maintain forage intake)
  • raised ketone levels in blood and urine
  • loss of body conditions, v rumen contractions
  • pings on left flank
35
Q

What two sounds may be heard in a LDA?

A

Ping, tinkle

36
Q

How may LDA be treated?

A
  • rolling
  • roll and toggle
  • R flank omentopexy
  • L flank omentopexy
  • R paramedian abomasopexy
37
Q

other than LDA, what may cause left sided pings?

A

Bloat, rumen collapse, vagal indigestion, pneumoperitoneum

38
Q

Why may RDA be more serious?

A

Abomasal torsion or volvulus - acute intestinal obstruction, blood supply compromised, ischeamic necrosis

39
Q

How may RDA be diagnosed?

A
  • right sided ping paralumbar fossa
  • sick
  • shocked
  • dehydrated
  • pain
40
Q

How is RDA treated?

A

Emergency surgery or euthanasia

41
Q

Which disease has similar predisposing factors and clinical signs to LDA?

A

Ceacal dilatation - rectal examination = ceacal apex palpable coming into pelvic inlet (sausage pointing towards you)
- free caudal end may twist -> volvulus

42
Q

How may ceacal dilatation be treated?

A

Medical fluids, high fibre diet, surgery

43
Q

How may ceacal volvulus be treated?

A

Drain surgically, exteriorise, pack abdomen, incise apex and drain

44
Q

What may cause a non pathological ping in the RIGHT paralumbar fossa?

A

Gas in spiral colon

45
Q

What may cause right sided pings?

A

RDA, abomasal dilation or volvulus, ceacal dilatation or volvulus, gas in spiral colon, uterine tear at calving, ruptured abomasal ulcer

46
Q

Where would aright abomasal torsion be located?

A

More cranial and ventral cf. normal displacement

BVetMed - Alimentary (30 decks)

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