Covp Science Flashcards

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1
Q

At resting potential the inside of the neutron is ? Compared to the outside

A

Negative

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2
Q

What is the proper sequence of action potential events?

A

1) threshold voltage is reached
2) Na+ gates begin to open
3) membrane is depolarised
4) K+ gates begin to open
5) membrane repolarization begins

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3
Q

The action potential is measured in millivolts (mV) and is ranged from

A

-70mV to +30mV

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4
Q

A neuron undergoes depolarisation ( I.e the downward swing of a measured action potential) when

A

Potassium ions move out of the axon

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5
Q

A refractory period is

A

A brief time when a neuron is unable to conduct an impulse

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6
Q

What are action potentials

A

All or nothing events

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7
Q

The main function of the cerebellum is

A

Posture and balance

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8
Q

The brain and spinal cord are protected by membranes known as the

A

Meninges

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9
Q

Neuroglial cells support and provide nutrition for the?

A

Neurons

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10
Q

What are parts of a neuron

A

Dentrite,axon and cell body

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11
Q

Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

A

The occipital lobe

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12
Q

What is the general name that describes the pons, medulla and midbrain

A

The brain stem

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13
Q

What occurs sequentially when the nerve impulse is transmitted from the synapse of one neuron to postsynaptic neuron?

A

The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.

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14
Q

Transmission across a synapse is achieved mainly by a?

A

Diffusion of neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft

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15
Q

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well known?

A

Neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine act because of their affect on receptors at the ? Membrane?

A

Postsynaptic

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17
Q

GABA (gamma - aminobutyric acid) is normally found at

A

Inhibitory synapses

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18
Q

The neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions is

A

Acetylcholine

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19
Q

A prescribed treatment for anxiety

A

Barbiturates

20
Q

Why is it recommended that benzodiazepines are only used short term for treatment of severe anxiety?

A

Concern that patients may become dependant on them

21
Q

Beta blockers ( beta- adrenoceptor antagonists) are useful in treating anxiety because they directly reduce the action of?

A

Noradrenaline

22
Q

Bus purine is a drug used in the treatment of anxiety. This drug is thought to work by acting as an activator of?

A

5-HT1A Receptors

23
Q

Tricyclics anti- depressants have a number of side effects name one

A

Constipation

24
Q

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work after

A

2-3 weeks

25
Q

Monoamine oxidase is

A

An enzyme responsible for neurotransmitter breakdown

26
Q

What describes the drug mirtazapine

A

Antagonist of alpha2-adrenoreceptors

27
Q

Antagonists to Alpha 2 - adrenoreceptors work by

A

Blocking the action of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptors

28
Q

The drug reserpine causes depression by

A

Reducing levels of amine neurotransmitters in the brain

29
Q

The neuronal loss seen in alzheimer disease is different from that seen in many other neurodegenerative diseases in what way?

A

It is widespread throughout the brain

30
Q

Most of the drugs currently used to treat Alzheimer’s disease work by?

A

Maintaining the levels of acetylcholine in the brain.

31
Q

One of the effects of Alzheimer’s disease is an increase in the neurotransmitter glutamate, the consequence of increased glutamate is?

A

Increased damage to neurons

32
Q

Donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine are licensed to treat mild to moderate dementia. These act by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholine esterase, there for the primary consequence of taking these drugs is to?

A

Reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine at the synapse

33
Q

Currently the drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s disease can

A

Only slow down the development of symptoms

34
Q

Some of the hallmark symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease are

A

Memory failure, emotional blunting, personality changes, decline in intellectual functions.

35
Q

Describe Parkinson’s disease

A

Progressive and neurogenerative

36
Q

Patients with Parkinson’s disease have walking movements characterised by

A

Fast shuffling gait

37
Q

Levodopa (L-Dopa) is a drug commonly used to treat?

A

Parkinson’s disease

38
Q

Before modern medical classification, an early description of Parkinson’s disease was

A

Shaking palsy

39
Q

What age do you get Parkinson’s disease?

A

Mostly occurs in the over 50’s

40
Q

Parkinson’s disease is best described as

A

Motor system disorder

41
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia tend to appear when?

A

In early adulthood

42
Q

What can cause symptoms similar to schizophrenia?

A

Amphetamine overdose

43
Q

Development of schizophrenia is known to have

A

A strong genetic association

44
Q

An example of an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia is

A

Clozapine

45
Q

A major side effect of using antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia is

A

Involuntary muscle movement

46
Q

What is the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia

A

1%