Covp Science Flashcards
At resting potential the inside of the neutron is ? Compared to the outside
Negative
What is the proper sequence of action potential events?
1) threshold voltage is reached
2) Na+ gates begin to open
3) membrane is depolarised
4) K+ gates begin to open
5) membrane repolarization begins
The action potential is measured in millivolts (mV) and is ranged from
-70mV to +30mV
A neuron undergoes depolarisation ( I.e the downward swing of a measured action potential) when
Potassium ions move out of the axon
A refractory period is
A brief time when a neuron is unable to conduct an impulse
What are action potentials
All or nothing events
The main function of the cerebellum is
Posture and balance
The brain and spinal cord are protected by membranes known as the
Meninges
Neuroglial cells support and provide nutrition for the?
Neurons
What are parts of a neuron
Dentrite,axon and cell body
Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?
The occipital lobe
What is the general name that describes the pons, medulla and midbrain
The brain stem
What occurs sequentially when the nerve impulse is transmitted from the synapse of one neuron to postsynaptic neuron?
The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.
Transmission across a synapse is achieved mainly by a?
Diffusion of neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well known?
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine act because of their affect on receptors at the ? Membrane?
Postsynaptic
GABA (gamma - aminobutyric acid) is normally found at
Inhibitory synapses
The neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions is
Acetylcholine
A prescribed treatment for anxiety
Barbiturates
Why is it recommended that benzodiazepines are only used short term for treatment of severe anxiety?
Concern that patients may become dependant on them
Beta blockers ( beta- adrenoceptor antagonists) are useful in treating anxiety because they directly reduce the action of?
Noradrenaline
Bus purine is a drug used in the treatment of anxiety. This drug is thought to work by acting as an activator of?
5-HT1A Receptors
Tricyclics anti- depressants have a number of side effects name one
Constipation
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work after
2-3 weeks
Monoamine oxidase is
An enzyme responsible for neurotransmitter breakdown
What describes the drug mirtazapine
Antagonist of alpha2-adrenoreceptors
Antagonists to Alpha 2 - adrenoreceptors work by
Blocking the action of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptors
The drug reserpine causes depression by
Reducing levels of amine neurotransmitters in the brain
The neuronal loss seen in alzheimer disease is different from that seen in many other neurodegenerative diseases in what way?
It is widespread throughout the brain
Most of the drugs currently used to treat Alzheimer’s disease work by?
Maintaining the levels of acetylcholine in the brain.
One of the effects of Alzheimer’s disease is an increase in the neurotransmitter glutamate, the consequence of increased glutamate is?
Increased damage to neurons
Donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine are licensed to treat mild to moderate dementia. These act by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholine esterase, there for the primary consequence of taking these drugs is to?
Reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine at the synapse
Currently the drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s disease can
Only slow down the development of symptoms
Some of the hallmark symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease are
Memory failure, emotional blunting, personality changes, decline in intellectual functions.
Describe Parkinson’s disease
Progressive and neurogenerative
Patients with Parkinson’s disease have walking movements characterised by
Fast shuffling gait
Levodopa (L-Dopa) is a drug commonly used to treat?
Parkinson’s disease
Before modern medical classification, an early description of Parkinson’s disease was
Shaking palsy
What age do you get Parkinson’s disease?
Mostly occurs in the over 50’s
Parkinson’s disease is best described as
Motor system disorder
Symptoms of schizophrenia tend to appear when?
In early adulthood
What can cause symptoms similar to schizophrenia?
Amphetamine overdose
Development of schizophrenia is known to have
A strong genetic association
An example of an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia is
Clozapine
A major side effect of using antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia is
Involuntary muscle movement
What is the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia
1%
