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Block 1 > Coverings And Tissue Of The Body > Flashcards

Coverings And Tissue Of The Body Flashcards

1
Q

Define cell.

A

Basic unit of living organism

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2
Q

Define simple tissue.

A

Collection of similar cells

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3
Q

Define compound tissue.

A

Mix of cell + ECM

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4
Q

Define organ.

A

Distinct group of several tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function

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5
Q

Define system.

A

Group of organs with distinct role

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6
Q

What embryological layers are epithelial coverings derived from?

A

Mainly ectoderm

Endoderm

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7
Q

What is a free surface of epithelium?

A

Surface not attached to other cells

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8
Q

What is epithelium?

A

Thin tissue forming outer layer of a body’s surface, lining the alimentary canal+ other hollow structures as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs

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9
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Tissue which forms a single layer of cells lining various organs + cavities of the body especially blood vessels, heart + lymphatic vessels formed from embryonic mesoderm i.e. blood vessel epithelium

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10
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

Tissue that lines the pleurae, peritoneum + pericardium but derived from surface layer of embryonic mesoderm i.e. epithelium of body cavities

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11
Q

What is serosa?

A

Tissue of a serous membrane

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12
Q

What does epithelial tissue cover?

A

Body surfaces inside + outside e.g. line many body cavities & exterior of digestive/respiratory tract, heart + blood vessels

Form glands derived developmentally

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13
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Barrier
  3. Permit passage of substances
  4. Secrete substances
  5. Absorb substances
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14
Q

What happens if the epithelia is damaged?

A

Associated with a wide range of clinical problems e.g. foot ulcers

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15
Q

What layers of skin exist?

A

Epithelium (innermost)
Basement membrane
Dermis (outermost)

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16
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Thick layer of fibrous + elastic tissue made mostly of collage + a small amount of elastin

Also contains nerve endings, sweat glands, oil (sebaceous glands), hair follicles + blood vessels

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17
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Connective tissue region for cell attachment; acts a selective barrier (can change in disease states)

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18
Q

How are epithelium normally named?

A

Based on cellular arrangement, shape + specializations

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19
Q

What types of layers can epithelium have?

A

Simple

Stratified

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20
Q

What different shapes can epithelium have?

A

Flat (squamous)
Square (cuboid)
Rectangular (columnar)

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21
Q

What different specialisations can epithelium have?

A 
Microvilli
Villi
Cilia
Mucoid glands (goblet cells)
Keratin
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22
Q

What is the main role of simple squamous epithelia? Where are they found?

A

Small intracellular volume as they are flattened cells -> permit exchange so main role is diffusion

Blood/lymphatic capillaries, alveoli, thin LOH but also for filtration in Bowmans capsule + secretion/absorption as serous fluid

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23
Q

What are the main features of simple cuboidal epithelium? What is their role?

A

Larger IC volume so used for absorption/production of things

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24
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A 
Choroid plexus (produce CSF)
Kidney tubules 
Glands/ducts of glands
Terminal bronchioles of lungs (if ciliated)
Surface of ovaries
Inside lining of eyes
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25
Q

What are the main features of simple columnar epithelium? What is their role?

A

Large IC volumes so potential for energy reserves + high organelle density

Roles in motility, absorption + processing

26
Q

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?

A 
Stomach
SI
LI
Uterus + tubes
Glands/ducts of glands
Bronchioles of lungs
Auditory tubes
Bile duct
Gallbladder
Ependyma
27
Q

What are the main features of pseudo-stratified epithelium?

A

Appear stratified due to nuclei sitting at different levels but all cells contact BM

28
Q

Where are pseudo-stratified epithelium found?

A 
Larynx
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Nasopharynx
Auditory tubes
Trachea
Bronchi
Male urethra
Salivary gland ducts
29
Q

Why do stratified squamous epithelium have multiple layers?

A

Well adapted for role in protection because if outer cells are damaged, they are replaced by cells from deeper layers so a continuous barrier of epithelial cells is maintained in tissue so found in areas prone to abrasion/friction

30
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelium found?

A 
Skin
Corneas
Mouth
Throat
Epiglottis
Larynx
Oesophagus
Anus
Vagina 
Lower urethra
Sebaceous gland ducts
31
Q

Where does the villi specialisation tend to be found most in the body?

A

In SI for absorption

32
Q

Where does the goblet cell specialisation tend to be found most in the body?

A

GI tract

Respiratory tract

33
Q

Where is the keratinized outer layer found?

A

Skin

34
Q

What are the main features of transitional epithelium?

A

Stretchy + waterproof so permit cell distention allowing it to return to original shape

35
Q

Where are transitional epithelium found?

A

Urinary bladder
Ureter
Superior urethra

36
Q

What is the difference between cilia and microvilli?

A

Cilia have a microtubule core so actively move whereas microvilli do not actively move

37
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Move materials across free surface of cell e.g. mucus in respiratory tract containing foreign particles is moved out of airways via these

38
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

Non-motile + containing microfilaments that greatly increase SA so occur in cells that absorb/secrete e.g. serous membranes + lining of SI

39
Q

The structure of tissue and epithelia change with role. Give a couple of examples of this.

A

Trachea: pseudostratified with cilia + goblet cells, SM walls + hyaline cartilage support -> provide air passage, get rid of foreign bodies + secrete mucus

Alveoli: simple squamous epithelium, elastic tissue + capillaries in between -> diffusion of O2/CO2 between lungs + blood

40
Q

Define gland.

A

A collection of epithelial cells that secrete substances

41
Q

What are the 2 types of glands?

A
  1. Tubular: simple or coiled

2. Acinar: simple branched or compound branched

42
Q

What is an acinus?

A

Small sac-like cavity in a gland surrounded by secretory cells

43
Q

What are some glands coiled/branched?

A

Increase SA allowing them to secrete into a lot of different areas

44
Q

What controls glandular tissue?

A

The endocrine system: regulates activity in the body by secreting hormones into blood via these glands

45
Q

What are exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine: glands with ducts lined with epithelium e.g. sweat + salivary glands

Endocrine: extensive blood vessels + cellular products are hormones secreted into blood + carried through body e.g. pituitary gland

46
Q

What are epithelial cancers called?

A

Carcinomas

47
Q

What keeps the epithelium together in a healthy individual?

A

Tight/occluding junctions firmly bind/glue cells together + provide a permeability barrier

48
Q

What do anchoring junctions do?

A

Unite cell cytoskeletal proteins + EC structures riveting cells + their internal skeleton together

49
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

Permit functional coupling + rapid intercell communication via connexons that joins 2 cells together via passage of low MW molecules

50
Q

In what types of tissues would you want gap junctions? Why?

A

Nerves
Heart
SM

Because cells in these tissues must communicate in a quick + efficient way

51
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that connects, supports, binds or separates other tissues or organs typically having relatively few cells embedded in a amorphous matric with collagen + other fibres including cartilaginous, fatty + elastic tissues - contains large amounts of ECM + forms structural framework of body tissues

52
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A 
Enclose/separate other tissues
Connect tissues to eachother
Support/move parts of body
Store compounds
Cushion/insulation
Transport
Protection
53
Q

What are the 3 different cell types that secrete products that form extracellular tissue components?

A
  1. Chrondrocytes: form cartilage
    2 Fibroblasts: forms tendon + ligaments
  2. Osteoblasts/osteocytes: form + maintain bone
54
Q

What cells are found in connective tissue?

A 
Fibroblasts (form fibrous tissue)
Chondroblasts (form cartilage)
Osteoblasts (form bone)
Osteocytes (maintain bone)
Osteoclasts (break bone down)
Adipocytes
Mast cells
Macrophages
Platelets
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
55
Q

What are the 2 classes of macromolecule that contribute to the extracellular matrix?

A
  1. Fibrous proteins e.g. collagen

2. Polysaccharides e.g. GAGs

56
Q

What mainly allows the production of multiple tissue types?

A

Variation in the amount, type, composition + arrangement of macromolecules

57
Q

What are the features of collagen?

A

Highly organised + unbranched
Ligaments + tendons
High tensile strength

58
Q

What are the features of elastin?

A

Organised branches fibres
Arteries + vertebral column ligaments
Elastic properties

59
Q

What are the features of reticulin?

A

Loosely arranged primitive collagen in lymphatic nodes, liver + spleen

60
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

Polysaccharide chains that attract H2O (natural moisture factors) so found in skin + form centre of intervertebral disc

61
Q

Why do organs show regional variation in their structure?

A

Because each organ performs a different function so the cell types + structures needed within them is going to vary

Block 1 (54 decks)

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