Covalent Bonding

Question 1

Covalent Bonds

Answer 1

• 2 atoms share electrons so they’ve both got full outer shells of electrons
• strong electrostatic attraction between the 2 positive nuclei and shared electrons in bond

Question 2

bond enthalpy

Answer 2

• positive nuclei attracted to area of electron density between the 2 nuclei
• repulsion 2 positively charged nuclei repel each other as do electrons to maintain a bond there has to be a balance between forces
• distance between 2 nuclei is the distance where the attractive and repulsive forces balance each other
• distance = bond length
• higher the electron density between the nuclei so stronger attraction between the atoms
• higher bond enthalpy and shorter the bond length
• more attraction, nuclei pulled closer together

Question 3

dative covalent bonding

Answer 3

• one atom donates both electrons to a bond
• ammonium ion formed by dative covalent bonding
• forms when nitrogen atom in ammonia donates a pair of electrons to a proton