Course Review Flashcards
1: 200,000 =
1: 100,000 =
1: 10,000 =
5 mcg/mL
10 mcg/mL
100 mcg/ml
Ratios are expressed in
g/mL
What is the concentration in mcg/mL of
epinephrine 1:200,000?
5 mcg/mL
What is the final concentration in mcg/ml when 4 mg of a drug is placed in 250 ml?
16 mcg/ml
Fresh Gas in the OR
– Oxygen
– Air
– Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
What is the percent of inspired O
2 when flows are 2 L/min O 2 and 2 L/min N2O?
50%
What is the percent O
2 when 2 L/min O2 and 2 L/min air are flowing?
60.5%
What is the percent O2 when 1 L/min O2 and 2
L/min N2O are flowing?
– 33%
ABL Equation
ABL =
((Original H - Final H)/ Original H) x EBV
Estimated Blood Volume, these values are calculated based
upon: Age, Sex, Weight
EBV =
body wt (kg) x average blood volume (ml/kg)
Given: initial Hgb 14, male blood volume 75 ml/kg, weight
70 kg, minimum Hgb 8, determine the EBV and ABL.
EBV = 75 * 70 ml/kg = 5250 ml
ABL = ((14-8)/14)) * 5250 = 2250 ml
Moles used in chemistry to identify or measure
how much of a substance is present.
Uses Avogadro’s number:
6.02x10^23
Avocadro’s number is based on
Carbon
Convert a.m.u.s to grams =
12 grams for one “mole” of Carbon
One mole of ANYTHING contains
6.02x10^23 particles
What is the Molar Mass of Oxygen?
16g/mol
What is the Molar Mass of H2O?
18g/mol
Cations (+)
Anions (-)
have positive electrical charge, example (Na+)
Anions (-) have negative electrical charge,
Ionic Compounds
A metal donates its electron to a non-metal
The number of Electrons should equal the number of
Protons
1 N/m2 =
1 pascal = 1 Pa
Pressure Defined as force per unit area
P = Force/Area
How much pressure is created when you apply a 5.00 N force on a syringe plunger that has a diameter of 1.00 cm? in KPA
63.7 kPa
Area of a circle =
π r ²
How much pressure is created when you apply a 5.00 N force on a syringe plunger that has a diameter of 2.00 cm?
15.9 kPa
Pressure is __________to the square of the Area when the area is increased.
inversely proportional
Doubling the diameter of the syringe decreased the pressure
by a factor of 4.
__________syringes have the capacity to develop very
high pressures!
Smaller
1 atm = _______mmHg =______kPa
760 ; 101. 3
101 kPa = psi
14.7
Bourdon gauge =
gauge pressure – atmospheric pressure
At zero pressure the pressure in the cylinder is equal to
atmosphere
O2 tank gauge reads 45 psi. What is the total (absolute) pressure in the tank?
59 psi
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal
to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual
component: P1 + P2 + P3 + ….. = Ptotal
Calculating partial pressures for nitrogen and oxygen at 1 atmosphere (at sea level) Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% answer in mmhg andKpa
593 (79 kpa)
159 (21.2 Kpa)
Denver, altitude 5,183 ft above sea level, atmospheric
pressure 635 mmHg (85kPa)
What are the partial pressures of N2O and O2 during a 70:30 induction?
445
191
Formula:work W =
F xD
It is measured in units called joules ( J )
Work
newton and meter combination
Joule
J is
kg/m²/s²
How much work is done (in Joules) lifting a 100kg patient
up a distance of 0.02 m straight up to place him onto the
operating table? W= first find weight
How much work is done lifting a 100kg patient up a
distance of 0.02 m straight up to place him onto the
operating table?
mg
=980 N
19.6N
How much work was done by the expanding
gas?
W = P x change in V
How much work is done when 2.5L of gas expands to
3L against 600 Pa?
W=0.3J
Ventilator doing work for the body, operating at a constant pressure of 600 Pa is used to increase the volume of air in the lungs by 500ml (5.00x10^-4m³).
W=0.300
volume of a cylinder =
area * height
Q =
volume/time)
If water is moving at a speed of 0.20 m/s through a tube
with a cross-sectional area of 0.02 m2, what is the flow
rate?
Q = a * v
Q = a*d/t,
4 L /s
Poiseuille’s Law
The Hagen-Poiseuille equation defines the flow through a tube and how this flow is affected by the attributes of the tube; the length and radius, and the attributes of the fluid; the viscosity. The equation only applies to fluids
undergoing laminar flow through tubes.
Poiseuille’s law formula
Pir^4 change in Pressure / 8 n l
Calculate aortic blood flow. Blood viscosity =
0.0015Pas. Pressure of 13,000 Pa (or 100mmHg) is applied to the aorta (r = 0.010m; l = 1.0m)
3.4 x 10 -2 m 3 /s
Blood Flow =
Rate of uptake or excretion ml/min
/
arterial – venous concentration
Boyle’s Law Qs ask you to find
Volume or Pressure
Charles’s Law Qs ask you to find
Volume or Temp
Gay-Lussac Law Qs ask you to find Lussac Law Qs
ask you to find Pressure or Temp
Avogadro’s law ask you to find
Volume or moles
P1/T1 = P2/T2
Gay Lussacs’
Ideal
PV=nRT
Combined gas law
P1V1 / T1 = P2V2/T2
R is a known gas constant =
8.31
An increase in temperature causes an
increase in Vapor Pressure and in “Volatility”.
Volatility is the tendency of
a liquid to change into gas.
Higher volatility =________evaporation (ie. ROH vs. H2O)
Higher volatility =_______ vapor pressure
higher higher
Define Vapor pressure
When molecules of a liquid escape into the gas phase,
they collide with the walls of the container, exerting a
force on the walls. This is called Vapor Pressure.
Dipole-dipole, ex:________
_______molecule
Boiling point________, _____(what is the state @ room temp)
acetone; Polar 56C
*Hydrogen bonding, ex._______
_______ molecule
_______type of dipole bond
Boiling point, _____(what is the state @ room temp)
Water; Polar
Strongest
100C
liquid
London dispersion forces, ex:______
_______molecule
________ type of intermol. bond
Boiling pt.______ , ____state at room temperature
CH4
Non-polar
Weakest
-164C
Liquid to gas
Vaporization
Gas to liquid
Condensation
Gas to solid
deposition
Solid to Gas
Sublimation
Solid to liquid
melting
Liquid to solid
Freezing
Clausius-Capeyron Equation
logP = A + B/T
Clausius-Capeyron Equation used
This equation is used to calculate the Vapor
Pressure of a liquid
For Ex: For enflurane enflurane, A = 7.967 , A = 7.967 torr, B = -1678 torr•K
What is the vapor pressure of enflurane at 25C?
logP = 2.34
217 torr
Molarity (M) is
moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molarity: If you dissolved
1 mol of glucose in enough
water to give you a total of 1 L of solution, you
would have 1 molar solution of glucose.
Calculate the molarity of a D5W solution prepared by
dissolving 1 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in enough water to give a total volume of 20 ml.
180g
0.28 M
Moles of solute (m) per kilogram of solvent
MolaLITY
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 1 gof glucose in 20 g of water
M= 0.28
Percent by Weight to Volume (% w/v)
• Allows you to measure out a volume of medicine in a syringe andcalculate the mass of the drug.
• Defined as____________
grams of solute per 100 ml solution
What is the concentration of a solution prepared by dissolving 25g of glucose in enough water to give a total volume of 500 ml?
5%
How many liters of D5W are required to deliver 100g of
glucose?
2000 ml D5W
• g of solute/g of solution x 100%
% w/w Problem
What is the percent by weight conc. Of glucose in a solution prepared by dissolving 25 g glucose in 475 g of water?
5%
One Eq of a substance contains
one mole of chemical
reactivity.
Na+ cation has
Ca2+ cation has
1 Eq/mol
2 Eq/mol
Pt.s blood work says calcium ion content is 40 mEq/L.
Calculate moles per Liter?
0.02mol/L
Henry’s Law gives relationship
Gives relationship between pressure and solubility
S =
k(H) * Pgas
The Henry’s Law constant for oxygen in water is 0.042 g/L/atm at 25C. What is the solubility (in mg/L) of O2 in pure water at 740 torr room air?
first convert to atm
8.6 mg/L
Calculate [H+] for pH of 7.4?
0.00004 mEq/L
shortcut for nEq/L
[H+] = 10 ^(9 - 7.3)
Calculate pH of a solution when the [H+] is 1.0 x
10^-3 M
pH = -log (1.0 x 10^-3 M) = 3.00
Kassirer-Bleich equation:
(allows calculation of [H+] and pH if PCO2 and
HCO3 are known)
Kassirer-Bleich equation: is
[H+] = 24 x PCO2/HCO3 ¯
Organic compounds only containing Carbon
and Hydrogen are called
Hydrocarbons
One single Carbon
Alkanes
one double bonded carbon
Alkenes
One triple bonded carbon
Alkynes
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane
Men Eat pussy big time
Alkyl Halides – ‘
RX’
Alkyl group (ex. CH3-) bonded with a
Halogen
• F, Cl, Br, I
Example: Fluoromethane
C3 and one F
Amines – RNH2
An amine is an organic compound formed by
replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms
in the ammonia molecule (NH3) by an Alkyl
group
Structure of amine group
Examples
Has the structure R-NH2
• Example: methylamine (CH3NH2)
Esters formula
R(C=O)OR
Amides
R(C=O)NH2
Amide definition
NH2 bound to carbonyl
Amino Esters – metabolized in the
PCT CB
Blood
– Procaine – Cocaine – Tetracaine – Chloroprocaine – Benzocaine
Amino Am-i-des - metabolized in the liver
LEMB
–
Lidocaine
– Mepivacaine
– Bupivacaine
– Etidocaine
• Conductors
– Any substance that permits the flow of electrons (or current)
Electricity is the
flow of electrons
Current:
Flow of electrically charged particles
Circuit: Electrons flow
around a closed path.
There are two types of circuits:
•
Direct Current (DC), and alternating current (AC) circuits. –
DC circuits:
Parallel
series
Direct Current (DC) –
The flow of electrons in one direction
Alternating Current (AC) –
Electrons flow switches directions at regular intervals (120 times per second for 60
Hz wall current)
Voltage (V) =
pressure behind electrons
• Amps (I) =
current: number of electrons
flowing past a given point per unit of time
• Ohms
Ω (R) = resistance to the flow
Voltage =
Current x Resistance V = I x R
Macroshock –
large current flows that can cause harm
Microshock microamps
____________Ventricular Fibrillation.
–
– small amounts of current flow
only dangerous to susceptible individuals (ex.
Pacing wires and central lines)
– 100
V-Fib
100 (0.1 A)
_______is the maximum recommended leakage current.
10 microamps:
V-Fib in humans (direct contact w/ heart)
100 microshock
Line isolation monitor Continuously monitors the
potential for current flow from the isolated power supply to the ground
The Line Isolation Monitor
• A safety device that monitors for Leakage current from internal faults
The line monitor Alarm between
2 – 5 mA potential leak (5 mA = maximal harmless current)
• If the alarm sounds, the______ piece of equipment should be
last ; disconnected and inspected.
• Equipment that activates a line isolation monitor alarm may still be ______, but increases
.operational ; the potential risk of shock
• Equipment that activates a line isolation monitor alarm may still be ______, but increases
operational ; the potential risk of shock
Types of radiation
Electromagnetic and particulate
Electromagnetic (EM) -_______
–
–
–
photons
Gamma rays
X-rays
UV
Particulate
–
–
Alpha (He2+ nucleus)
Beta (electron or positron)
β−
decay (electron emission) – neutron is converted into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino
n → p + e- + oῡe
β+
decay (positron emission) – proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino
p → n + e+ + υe
Electron Capture Decay
When an inner shell e- is drawn into the nucleus
and combines with a proton, forming a neutron
and a neutrino.
The neutrino is ejected from the atom’s nucleus
In electron Capture Decay if the nucleus is left in
If the new nucleus is left in an excited state, gamma rays (γ) will also be emitted.
•p+ + e- → n + υe + γ
Coherent scatter
• a.k.a. “___________
Thompson scatter”
Coherent scatter Occurs when an
– The atom.
– The atom then
incident photon collides with an atom.
momentarily absorbs the energy and moves into an excited states
releases the same energy as another
photon traveling in a different direction as scatter rad.
Compton scatter
• Occurs when incident photon collides with outer
orbital e-.
The e- is ejected from its orbit.
The photon is deflected from its original path and
continues with decreased energy in a new direction
as a scatter radiation
Photoelectric Scatter
Occurs when an incident photon collides with an
inner shell orbital e-.
The e- is ejected.
When an outer orbital e- moves to the inner orbit to fill the vacated space, the difference in binding energy
between the 2 electron shells is emitted in the form of a new scatter photon.
Somatic effects
– Short-term
– Long-term (“latent”)
Short Term EFFECT Further categorized according to body system affected:
–
• Observed within
• Involve very
Hematologic (dysplastic anemia)
– GI (“radiation sickness” damaged mucosal lining w/ infx)
– CNS (seizures, coma, death)
3 months of exposure high doses (unlike medical imaging)
Long term effects
observed?
3 effects
Long-term Effects
• Observed at 5 – 30 years, avg. at 10 – 15 years
Latent effects of long term low dose ionizing radiation
– Cataracts (with extensive fluoroscopy)
– Cancer (skin, thyroid, breast & leukemia)
– Shortened Life span
Rem (rem) is a
unit of Equivalent Dose (EqD
Biologic effects of radiation vary
according to the type of radiation involved.
Rem stands
for “radiation equivalent man”
To calc. occupational dose, a
radiation weighting factor (WR) is assigned to each type of radiation.
WR values are based on
variation of biologic damaged produced by each type of radiation
Type of radiation vs weighing factor (WR)
Xray, gamma, beta
1
Type of radiation vs weighing factor (WR)
Slow neurons
5
Type of radiation vs weighing factor (WR)
Fast neurons
10
Type of radiation vs weighing factor (WR)
Alpha particles
20
Worker receives 10rads alpha particles and 5rads
x-rays. what is the EqD?
How many Sv did the worker in the previous
problem receive?
10(20) + 5 (1) = 205 rem
1 Sv =100 rem = 2.05
EqD
EqD = D x W(R)
Corresponding SI unit of a rem is
the Sievert (Sv)
1 Sv
100 rem
In addition to monitoring doses, radiation safety
practices are employed.
• ALARA -acronym:
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
• 3 Factors of ALARA: –
Time – Distance – Shielding
________L in one m ³
1000
