cours 5 Flashcards
What are the issues of prediction?
1) demonstrations of the extent to which criminal behaviour is predictable (the issue of predictive accuracy) 2) clear statements regarding how the predictions are made so that the information used in making predictions may be evaluated on ethical, legal, sociopolitical, economic and humanitarian criteria; 3) demonstrations of the extent to which the ways of making predictions actually facilitate criminal justice objectives and practice. 4) we may expect that predictions and the actions based on them are recorded, monitored and explored empirically in a way that increases our understanding of crime and criminal justice.
What are the findings of sample multiple domains of criminal conduct?
We should not restrict our assessments to only a few domains. As we will soon show, some offender risk instruments have limited themselves to assessing one or two domains (e.g,, criminal history and substance abuse).
What does assess the dynamic as well as the static covariates of criminal conduct?
It is noteworthy that many of the predictors are dynamic or changeable. Social support for crime, pro criminal attitudes, substance abuse, and so on are all amenable to change. Static factors, such as a prior criminal record may predict, but once convicted, the record is a mark that stays. Dynamic predictors have the advantage of offering the correctional worker an idea of what needs to be changed in order to reduce the offender’s risk of reoffending.
What does the offender assessment can guide the intensity of treatment mean?
A pic-r perspective gives a major role to dynamic risk factors, the potential targets for intervention. However, the model also says that offender risk is directly proportional to the number of different risk factors present and the density of rewards and costs associated with antisocial and prosocial behaviour. That is, a high-risk offender will have more risk factors than a low-risk offender, who may simply have problems in only one or two domains of risk. In addition, the number and variety of risk factors reflect the density of rewards and costs for behaviour. Consequently, knowledge of an offender’s risk tells us something about how much treatment is needed to reduce an offender’s risk.
What offender assessment can guide how we provide treatment?
Recall also rom pic-r the principle that an individual’s ability to learn from the environment is dependent upon a number of personal-cognitive emotional factors. If the individual is of low intelligence, then providing the advice in a complex, abstract manner will be less effective then if the advice is given in a siple, concrete manner. Thus, one may choose to assess characteristics that may not be predictors of criminal behaviour but are still relevant for the delivery of services.
What typically happens during a first-generation risk assessment: professional judgement?
A professional trained in the social sciences, interviews an offender in a relatively unstructured manner. The clinician may ask some basic questions of all offenders, but for the most part there is considerable flexibility in the questions asked of a particular offender. Sometimes psychological tests may be given; which ones areadministered varies from one test administrator to another. Files may be reviewed, but what is attended to in these files is also at the discretion of the professional. At the end of the process of information gathering, the staff member arrives at a judgement regarding the offender’s risk to the community and his or her treatment needs. The key feature of the clinical approach is that the reasons for the decision are subjective, sometimes intuitive and guided by gut feelings they are not empirically validated.
What are the findings about second-generation risk assessment: actuarial, static risk scales?
Second-generation risk assessment instruments are evidence-based, but they have two major limitations. Nearly all second-generation risk assessments have no theoretical basis, and they consist almost entirely of static, historical items. Apparent in the risk scales is the neglect of many factors theoretically relevant to criminal conduct (e.g., antisocial peers and attitudes) and predominance of items that are static and unchangeable.
What are the findings of the third-generation assessment: risk/need scales?
Third-generation offender assessments in that they measure offender needs. Two examples of risk/need instruments are the Wisconsin risk and needs assessment instrument. The level of service inventory-revised or the lsi-r is a theoretically based risk/need offender assessment. theoretically speaking, almost all of the items from the LSI-R can be derived from PIC-R. For example, in the Companions subcomponent, information is gathered on: (a) criminal associates (i.e., sources of interpersonal rewards for deviant behaviour and costs for prosocial behaviour), and (b) prosocial associates (i.e., interpersonal sources of rewards for prosocial behaviour and costs for criminal behaviour).. The LSI-R has been expanded into another third-generation assessment instrument called the Level of Service/Risk, Need, Responsivity (LS/RNR; Andrews, Bonta & Wormith, 2008a). The LS/RNR includes the Central Eight risk/need factors as measured by the LSI-R but adds a number of specific risk/need factors (e.g., sexual assault, weapon use, homelessness, victimization experiences) as well as responsivity considerations (e.g., cultural and ethnic issues).
En quoi consiste la première phase: l’activation?
Plus cela débute tôt dans l’enfance (avant l’âge de douze ans) plus cela persiste dans le temps, devient fréquent et diversifié. Par exemple, les enfants qui ont des contacts fréquents avec la police à l’adolescence. Quand, elle commence plus tard dans l’adolescence et même à l’âge adulte, c’est l’inverse qui se passe c’est des carrières criminelles plus courtes.
En quoi consiste le deuxieme stade: l’escalade?
fait référence à la fréquence des actes criminels, chronicte, gravité. Jusqu’à quel point la criminalité va devenir des comportements criminels violents. Des éléments de progression au niveau de l’agir.
En quoi consiste le stade 3: l’abandon?
Le processus de désistement du crime. Un ralentissement des comportements criminels, n’arrive pas du jour au lendemain, peut avoir des récidives. Cela peut prendre des mois pour certains et des années pour d’autres. Comportement devient de plus en plus spécifique. Spécialisation dans les agirs.
En quoi consiste la trajectoire précoce, persistante et chronique?
- 5 à 10% des trajectoires criminelles (rare chez les femmes)
- Surreprésentation dans les cj (ado) et les pénitenciers (adultes)
- Début à l’enfance: vol, cambriolage, incendie
- Premiers contacts policiers vers 10/12 ans.
récidive - Trajectoire limitée à l’adolescence début de l’âge adulte.
- La trajectoire précoce, persistante et chronique.
- Conduite criminelle se diversifie et s’aggrave à travers le temps.
- Comportements violents à l’adolescence peuvent se poursuivre à l’âge adulte
- Arrestations multiples à l’adolescence.
- Continuite a l’age adulte.
- Récidive multiples à l’âge adulte pour différents types de délits.
- Trajectoire criminelle pouvant s’étirer jusqu’à 40 ans et plus.
En quoi consiste la trajectoire limitee à l’adolescent/debut de l’age adulte?
- Trajectoire relativement commune. Leur délinquance est contextuelle et dynamique,
l’influence des pairs, d’une gang. - Conduite criminelle débute à l’adolescence (vers 13-14 ans).
- Bien representes en cj
- Crimes contre la propriété et les biens principalement.
- Il se termine graduellement généralement vers 18-20 ans.
- Possible que la conduite persiste jusqu’à 25-30 ans.
- Persistance en lien avec les conséquences négatives de la conduite
(toxicomanie/dépendance, décrochage scolaire à l’adolescence, casier judiciaire) - Influence des pairs (trajectoire précoce + chronique) et criminalité de groupe.
- Les crimes contre la personne sont rares.
En quoi consiste la trajectoire persistante mais intermittente?
- Plutôt rare, mais plus commun parmi la clientèle adulte,
- Trajectoire qui ressemble à la trajectoire précoce, persistante et chronique.
- Criminalité intermittente en lien avec des facteurs précipitants.
- La criminalité est répétitive mais épisodique.
- Criminalité n’est pas diversifiée comme la trajectoire précoce et chronique
- Criminalité pouvant être exclusivement liés à des épisodes de violence.
En quoi consiste la trajectoire tardive?
- Rare mais mobilise beaucoup de services/ressources
- Trajectoire criminelle qui s’active à l’âge adulte
- Premiers contacts policiers généralement à l’âge adulte
- La conduite antisociale presente en bas age
- Problèmes concomitants généralement présents en lien avec les difficultés (santé
mentale, toxicomanie, itinérances, etc.). - Criminalité acquiesce, méfaits publics, liés à l’administration de la justice par
exemple ne se presente pas a la cours ou ne respecte pas ses ordonnances de
probation. - Caractéristiques similaires, mais milieu familial qui sont incroyables et qui ont des
bonnes valeurs, qui dit que les gestes de leurs enfants ne sont pas bien. Ce qui peut tempérer les facteurs de risque, mais le problème est lorsque les enfants quittent le foyer familial à l’âge adulte. - Récidives multiples et porte tournante (phénomène pour des crimes vraiment mineurs) sont des possibilités.
