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NCMHCE > Counseling Terms > Flashcards

Counseling Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Environment type of phobia

A

Childhood onset, fear of natural disasters and the environment

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2
Q

ABAB experimental design

A

Also called reversal design, behavior of single subject is measured at baseline, introduction of treatment, return to baseline conditions, reintroduction of treatment

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3
Q

Acquired sexual dysfunctions

A

Means that symptoms began after a period of normality

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4
Q

Affect

A

Displayed emotions

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5
Q

Agnosia

A

A symptom of dementia in which an individual cannot name or recognize objects

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6
Q

Alogia

A

Speech deficit

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7
Q

Anhedonia

A

Inability to feel pleasure

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8
Q

Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating/Purging type

A

Low body weight and binges/purges

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9
Q

Anorexia Nervosa, Restricting type

A

Restricts amount of food, exercises, does not binge

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10
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Psychopathy or sociopathy; disregard for the rights of others; tendency to be aggressive, dishonest, impulsive, irresponsible, and unlawful

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11
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Feelings of inadequacy, fear of negative evaluation and social situations, fear of being shamed, may lead to very restricted lives

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12
Q

Avolition

A

Inability or willingness to begin and maintain activities

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13
Q

Behavioral Observations

A

Consider what happened before a target behavior, the behavior itself, and its consequences

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14
Q

Biological Etiology of Sexual Disorders

A

Biopsychosocial approach

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15
Q

Bipolar I Disorder

A

One or more manic episodes, sometimes with a hx of major depressive episode(s)

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16
Q

Bipolar II Disorder

A

One or more major depressive episodes and least one hypomanic episode

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17
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Preoccupation with a body defect, the defect either being imagined or not worthy of the person’s excessive concern

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18
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Unstable, unpredictable, fearful of abandonment, impulsive, reckless, may be financially irresponsible, abuse substances and have unsafe sex

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19
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

Delusions/hallucinations last less than one month

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20
Q

Case studies

A

One person is studied, not as controlled or objective as experiments

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21
Q

Chronic sexual dysfunctions

A

Lifetime dysfunctions, not starting after a period of normality

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22
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Accordining to Pavlov, a behavior is learned when a stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a conditioned response

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23
Q

Clinical Interview

A

Used to gather information about a client

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24
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung theorized that humanity has an understanding of human history through this

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25
Q

Common OCD Obsessions

A

Contamination, sexual, aggressive, bodily complaints, order perfection

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26
Q

Competence (legal term)

A

Person is able to stand trial

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27
Q

Compulsions

A

Time consuming and ritualistic actions (physical or mental) that a person feels driven to do

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28
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

Infringes on the rights of others and/or break social rules

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29
Q

Conjoint therapy

A

Partners are in therapy together

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30
Q

Content of Clinical Interview

A

Life history, family, education, culture, sexual history, religion, MSE, current problems, affect, mood

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31
Q

Control Group

A

Independent variable is not manipulated in this group

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32
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Ranges from 0 - 1 has both direction and magnitude

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33
Q

Correlational method

A

Research that examines relationships among factors, does not determine cause and effect

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34
Q

Counter conditioning

A

Eliminating the present response to a stimulus by substituting another response

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35
Q

Couples therapy

A

Any couple in a relationship; usually involved conflict resolution and communication skills

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36
Q

CR - Conditioned Response

A

Conditioned response is a learned behavior

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37
Q

CS - Conditioned Stimulus

A

Is a neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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38
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Protect ego from anxiety (unconscious)

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39
Q

Delirium

A

Loss of cognitive functioning such as clear thinking and reasoning, orientation; often temporary

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40
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

Delusions are present but outside of the delusion (s), there is no significant impairment in functioning

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41
Q

Delusions

A

Beliefs that are psychotic, including delusions of grandeur and persecution

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42
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

People want to find others to take care of them tendency to be compliant, passive, and irresponsible; fearful of abandonmentl do not like to be alone

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43
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable measured in an experiment

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44
Q

Depersonalization

A

Feelings of detachment from self

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45
Q

Derealization

A

Feelings of unreality

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46
Q

Displacement

A

Unacceptable emotions are redirected from dangerous objects to safer ones with this defense mechanism

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47
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Inability to remember important personal information, reversible, may follow stressful events

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48
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Identities or personality states (alters) in an individual

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49
Q

Double-blind study

A

Experimenter and subjects do not know who is in control or experiment groups

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50
Q

Dream analysis

A

Psychoanalytic technique in which dreams are interpreted in order to unbury repressed desires

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51
Q

Dyspareunia

A

Pain during intercourse; rare in men; medical reasons for pain must be ruled out

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52
Q

ECT

A

Electroconvulsive therapy in which seizures are produced by sending electrical impulses through the brain

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53
Q

Ego

A

Psychic structure that handles reality and operates on the reality principle

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54
Q

Empathy

A

Understanding the client’s perspective

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55
Q

Encopresis

A

Pattern of elimination of feces in inappropriate places

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56
Q

Enuresis

A

Voiding of urine in inappropriate places

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57
Q

Epidemiology

A

Prevalence and incidence of diseases

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58
Q

Eros

A

Primarily sexual, the life instinct or life drive

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59
Q

Etiology

A

Cause(s) of disorders

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60
Q

Exhibitionistic Disorder

A

Sexual arousal associated with exposure of genitals; element or risk important to the arousal

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61
Q

Experimental group

A

Receives manipulation of the independent variable

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62
Q

External validity

A

Ability to generalize results to groups outside the research study

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63
Q

Facial agnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar people

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64
Q

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A

After normal desire and arousal, delay or absence of orgasm

65
Q

Fetishistic Disorder

A

Sexual attraction associated with objects; chronic and recurrent fantasies or urges or behaviors

66
Q

Fixation

A

Freud - stuck at a stage of development

67
Q

Formal civil commitment

A

By court order, can be requested by any citizen

68
Q

Free association

A

In psychoanalysis, the client talks about anything that comes to mind in order to release repressed memories

69
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Chronic anxiety and worry for at least six months

70
Q

Genital stage

A

Freud - final stage of psychosexual development

71
Q

Genuineness

A

Therapist honestly communicates emotions and experiences

72
Q

Hallucinations

A

Things are sensed (seen, heard,felt,smelled,tasted) that are not present; a psychotic symptom; auditory hallucinations are most common

73
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

Attention seeking, excessive emotionality, easily influenced; may be inappropriately sexual and vague in speech

74
Q

Hypothesis

A

Proposal concerning causal relationship

75
Q

Id

A

Most primitive psychic structure that operate on the pleasure principle

76
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disorder during a certain time period

77
Q

Independent variable

A

Manipulated in an experiment

78
Q

Informal or emergency civil commitment

A

Two doctors can sign a commitment order for a short length of time (24 hours to 20 days)

79
Q

Insanity

A

A legal term: cannot distinguish between right and wrong or mentally ill

80
Q

Insomnia

A

Problem of not getting enough sleep

81
Q

Internal validity

A

Manipulation of the independent variable caused the effects

82
Q

Kleine-Levin Syndrome

A

Latency period

83
Q

Latent content of dreams

A

Unconscious desires that are masked by symbols in dreams

84
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike: when behaviors are followed by positive gratification, the behaviors are likely to occur

85
Q

Magnitude

A

Strength of correlation, expressed with the value of “r”

86
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

At least 2 weeks and at least 4 symptoms; symptoms are feelings of worthlessness, inability to feel pleasure, impaired functioning; children may irritable

87
Q

Manic episode

A

At least 1 week; symptoms may include hyperactivity, flight of ideas, elevated mood, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep

88
Q

Manifest content of dreams

A

The apparent content of dreams

89
Q

Mental status exam

A

Evaluates a client’s emotional state, cognition, time orientation, judgment, appearance, and sensing abilities

90
Q

Mood

A

Predominant emotion

91
Q

Moral anxiety

A

Guilt and shame that results from immoral behavior

92
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

Improves generalizeability by researching treatment that begins at different times in different groups in different settings

93
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

Grandiose, admiration-seeking, lacking in empathy, overvaluing accomplishments. May compare self with famous people and see self as unique and superior

94
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Individuals are driven to fall asleep for short periods of time

95
Q

Negative “r”

A

Inverse relationship between variables

96
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Behavior deficiences, including speech deficits, flat affect, motivational deficits

97
Q

Neuropsychological tests

A

Performance tests that measure brain functioning, given when brain damage is suspected

98
Q

Neurotic anxiety

A

Fear of consequences that could result from the expression of id impulses

99
Q

Objective anxiety

A

Ego’s reaction to real danger

100
Q

Obsessions

A

Thoughts and urges that are irrational or intrusive

101
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

Perfectionistic, controlling, excessively orderly

102
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Child is in the phallic stage; sexually desires parent of the opposite sex and fears same-sex parent; fear is ameliorated by identification with the same sex parent

103
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Skinner: Reinforcers and punishments will affect the learning behaviors and their maintenance

104
Q

Opiate withdrawal symptoms

A

Nausea, diarrhea, muscle pain, insomnia; may last a week

105
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A

Negative, hostile antagonisitic and defiant behavior pattern

106
Q

Oral stage

A

Freud: first stage of psychosexual development

107
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

Distrustful, suspicious, jealous and may want to harm others and be hostile

108
Q

Parasomnias

A

Abnormal behaviors during sleep

109
Q

Parethesias

A

Tingling or numbness sometimes felt during a panic attack

110
Q

Pedophilic Disorder

A

Sexual arousal in regard to children

111
Q

Positive effects of amphetamines

A

Treatment of narcolepsy and hypersomnia, improve mood, reduce fatigue, and weight loss

112
Q

Positive effects of cocaine

A

Local anesthetic, stimulant

113
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Behaviors such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech

114
Q

PSTD

A

After a traumatic event, symptoms are intrusive memories, avoiding emotional triggers, emotional numbness, and arousal

115
Q

Prevalence

A

Statistics involving the presence of a disorder among a certain population at a certain time

116
Q

Primary process thinking

A

Id uses it to produce mental pictures

117
Q

Prognosis

A

Most likely progress of a disorder

118
Q

Projection

A

Unacceptable desires are attributed to other people as a defense mechanism

119
Q

Projective tests

A

Person responds to ambiguous stimuli; given to reveal unconscious conflicts; harder to fake than objective tests

120
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Alter thinking/emotions/behaviors; stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens

121
Q

Random assignment of subjects

A

Control group and experimental group should be as similar as possible

122
Q

Reaction formation

A

“Wrong” feelings are converted into their opposites with this defense mechanism

123
Q

Regression

A

Individual returns to an earlier developmental stage as a defense mechanism

124
Q

Reliability

A

Test gives consistent results over time

125
Q

Repression

A

Traumatic events and undesirable thoughts are buried in the unconscious

126
Q

Risk factor

A

Condition that increases the likelihood of getting a disorder

127
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

Most widely used projective test

128
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Prefer to be alone, low levels of emotion

129
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Disturbances in behavior, speech, thinking, perception and emotions that involve psychosis; at least 2 symptoms of schizophrenia for one month required for diagnosis

130
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

Same symptoms of schizophrenia but duration is less than 6 months

131
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Odd beliefs, perhaps of being psychic or having magic powers; unusual speech; problems with interpersonal relationships; sometimes psychotic episodes

132
Q

Scientific statements

A

Testable, based on observations, linked to measureable outcomes

133
Q

Secondary process thinking

A

Ego uses it to plan and make decisions

134
Q

Sensitivity training groups

A

Purpose is to improve empathy skills and promote personal growth

135
Q

Sensorium

A

Awareness of the environment

136
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

Desire, arousal and orgasm

137
Q

Situational type of phobia

A

Fear is related to situations

138
Q

Social learning approach

A

Bandura: we learn through modeling and seeing models being rewarded and punished

139
Q

Social phobia

A

Fear of social situations

140
Q

Speech and cognition

A

Cognition judged by content, rate, and continuity of speech

141
Q

Standardization

A

Similar procedures are used each time test is administered

142
Q

Statistical significance

A

Probability that a relationship happened by chance

143
Q

Substance intoxication

A

Getting drunk or getting high; imparied judgement, impaired motor coordination; symptoms depend on the drug, the quantity, and how it reacts in the individual

144
Q

Subtypes of specific phobias

A

Animal, blood-injection-injury, situational, natural environment, other

145
Q

Suicidal risk factors

A

Family hx of suicide, mental disorder(s), low serotonin levels, alcohol use, stressful event that is seen as shameful, past hx of suicide attempts

146
Q

Superego

A

Psychic structure that internalizes morality

147
Q

Systemic desensitization

A

Form of counterconditioning developed by Wolpe

148
Q

Thanatos

A

Death instinct

149
Q

The pleasure principle

A

Immediate gratification of impulses

150
Q

The reality principle

A

Used by the ego to negotiate between the id and the environment

151
Q

Token economy

A

Positive behaviors are rewarded with tokens that are used to buy items/privileges of worth to the client

152
Q

Types of disorganized speech in Schizophrenia

A

Incoherent, illogical, loose associations

153
Q

UCR - Unconditioned response

A

Unconditioned response that is naturally produced by a stimulus

154
Q

UCS - Unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned stimulus naturally produces a response

155
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Client is treated with dignity and respect

156
Q

Validity

A

Test measures what it says it measures

157
Q

Waxy flexibility

A

When a person’s position stays the same when someone else changes it

158
Q

Withdrawal

A

Physically distressful symptoms when a drug is not used

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