Cough

Question 1

Types of cough

Answer 1

Voluntary cough
originates in cerebral cortex - intention to cough

Reflexive coughcaused by direct activation of receptors on airway sensory nerves

Question 2

Phases of cough

Answer 2

Inspiratory phaseinhalation which generates the volume necessary for an effective cough

Compression phaseclosure of the larynx with muscular contraction chest wall, diaphragm, abdominal wall

Expiratory phaseGlottis open, high expiratory airflow and airway compression

Question 3

Receptors involved in cough response

Answer 3

Nociceptors in bronchioles are chemosensitive and are c-fibres - unmyelinated

Mechanoreceptors are pressure sensitive in the proximal airway which have myelinated fibres

The cough reflex is served by the afferent nerves carried by vagus nerve

Question 4

What nerve pathways does the efferent path use to activate the larynx, diaphragm and abdominal muscles

Answer 4

Laryngeal (vagus), phrenic and spinal motor nerves to activate the larynx, diaphragm and abdominal muscles

Question 5

Function of cough

Answer 5

Cough preserves the gas-exchanging functions of the lung by facilitating clearance of aspirate, inhaled particulate matter, accumulated secretions, and irritants that are either inhaled or formed at sites of mucosal inflammation

Question 6

What blocks 1. Nociceptor cough
2. Mechanoreceptor cough
To reduce coughing

Answer 6

1. Local anaesthetics
   TRPV1/TRPA1 Antagonists
   Na+ channel blockers
   opioids
2. Local anaesthetics
   Cl- channel blockers
   Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitors

Question 7

How to use VITAMIN pneumonic to find aetiology of a cough

Answer 7

Question 8

How to use VITAMIN pneumonic to find aetiology of nasal congestion

Answer 8

Question 9

How to use VITAMIN pneumonic to find aetiology of Rhinorrhea (runny nose)

Answer 9

Question 10

What is rhinitis

Answer 10

Rhinitis is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose