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Looking Inside the Disordered Brain > Corticostriatal Circuit - Order > Flashcards

Corticostriatal Circuit - Order Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

cue predicting reward kind of conditioning

A

classical conditioning

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2
Q

fear learning is a type of

A

negative classical conditioning

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3
Q

serves as the neural substrate for reward learning in classical conditioning

A

ventral striatum

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4
Q

info about secondary reinforcer comes to VS via

A

BLA

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5
Q

broad context in which secondary reinforcer appears comes to VS via

A

HF

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6
Q

most critical input comes from __ when dog is given primary reinforcer

A

midbrain VTA

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7
Q

release of dopamine from VTA to VS strengthens inputs from __ and __ and results VS gate to open

A

BLA, HF

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8
Q

opening the VS gate results in

A

downstream activation of circuit nodes

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9
Q

VS gate opens and drives activity in __ and __

A

VS, LH

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10
Q

neurons in VP drive activity in __, which initiate feeding reflexes like salivation

A

LH

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11
Q

circuit also mediates an increase in attention and activity associated with classical conditioning from VP to __, also releasing ___

A

NBM, cholinergic projections

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12
Q

this type of conditioning requires an explicit behavioral response to a cue in order to receive a reward

A

operant conditioning

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13
Q

__ conditioning is an ideal experimental strategy for corticostriatal circuit since mouse’s motivation is only satisfied through its action

A

operant

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14
Q

__-__ processing is same for classical and operand conditioning

A

bottom-up

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15
Q

through __ nuclei, VS turns input into alterations in physiological responses as it goes to VP(?)

A

hypothalamic

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16
Q

info going from VP –> NBM, these neurons are released

A

cholinergic

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17
Q

increase in cholinergic neurons increase the processing of ___ ___

A

sensory information

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18
Q

increase in cholinergic tone and sensory information leads to PFC, broadening

A

attentional spotlight

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19
Q

operand conditioning has a different __-__ processing

A

top-down

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20
Q

role of vmPFC for bottom-up processing is ___ subjective awareness of our internal and external world

A

generating

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21
Q

role of vmPFC for top-down processing is a relay between __ and __ for action planning

A

VS, dlPFC

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22
Q

purpose of vmPFC top-down processing is

A

action planning

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23
Q

while top-down behavioral programs and action plans emerge ___, these will be pruned down to only those resulting in the receipt of reward

A

randomly

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24
Q

goal-directed planning starting route __ –> __ –> ___

A

dlPFC, vmPFC, VS

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25
Q

in operant conditioning, DA release strengthens (4 things)

A

basic reward learning
dlPFC (top-down behavioral programming)
DS
motor cortices

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26
Q

in operant conditioning, the absence of DA release when incorrect behavior is performed, the unsuccessful top-down program is __, which produces adaptive responses

A

weakened

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27
Q

any constellation of changes in behavior or physiology that increases an individual’s survival

A

adaptive response

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28
Q

when the execution of a specific action plan results in a reward-associated input and output pathways are reinforced through the release of __ in __

A

dopamine, VS gate

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29
Q

___ relays information to ___, which functions to monitor our behavior and register conflict between our goals and outcome

A

vmPFC, dACC

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30
Q

when dACC relays info regarding the presence of conflict forward to the dlPFC, an __ __ __ can be generated and executed through VS gate

A

alternate action plan

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31
Q

successful plans are reinforced and expressed as reward learning when

A

alternate behavioral plans can be tested until goal is achieved

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32
Q

Haber from uni of rochester enabled our understanding of how connections between nodes of corticostriatal circuit support

A

goal-directed actions and reward learning

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33
Q

to identify the connections between corticostriatal circuit nodes (flow of information supporting reward learning), Haber from Rochester

A

injected tracer chemicals into neurons in various nodes of monkeys’ corticostriatal circuit

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34
Q

move forward

A

anterograde

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35
Q

move backward

A

retrograde

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36
Q

Haber’s research was able to reveal

A

the flow if information supporting reward learning

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37
Q

primary reinforcers activate 3 places in brain

A

VS, VP, DS

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38
Q

delivery of food or drink especially when participants are hungry/thirsty, triggers robust __ activity

A

VS

39
Q

skip

A

:)

40
Q

not only activity the VS, but also in __ correlates with how subjectively pleasant participants find the substance

A

vmPFC

41
Q

correlation between VS and VP reflects the activation of __ __ __, while that with vmPFC reflects the __ of sensory, interoceptive, contextual, and other motivational states

A

hedonic hot spots, convergent processing

42
Q

sex studies use __ since it’s less sensitive to motion

A

PET

43
Q

sex studies have strong activation in 6 things

A

striatum
midbrain
hypothalamus
amygdala
PFC
sensory cortices

44
Q

this region of men show greater activity than women’s when viewing pornographic videos

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

hypothalamus contains the __ __ __, which exhibits sexual dimorphism

A

medial preoptic area

46
Q

music is ___ rewarding, regarding that our personal discographies have no obvious reward learning

A

intrinsically

47
Q

these 2 abstract stimuli, as primary reinforcers, are unique to humans

A

music
humor

48
Q

what makes us laugh is related to

A

VS
VTA
as well as PFC, DS, hypothalamus

49
Q

how subjectively we like music/humor is correlated with

A

the magnitude of activity in the VS

50
Q

myriad secondary reinforcers trigger __ activity in the VS gate and extended corticostriatal circuit

A

strong

51
Q

seeing ashtrays, packs of cigarettes, pipes, and bongs trigger

A

VS gate

52
Q

tasting the flavor of beer without alcohol elicited release of __ in __, also resulting in a greater craving

A

DA, VS

53
Q

DA release in __ and __ predicts how hard an individual will work to receive an award

A

striatum, vmPFC

54
Q

unlike primary reinforcers, VS activity in response to secondary reinforcers is related to __ rather than __ of stimuli

A

wanting, liking

55
Q

Wolfram Schultz’s study achieved to identify the role of __ release in __

A

DA, reward learning

56
Q

activities in __ and __ during monetary incentive tasks mirror the relationship between DA and reward learning in Schultz’s experiment

A

VS, VTA

57
Q

in monetary reward experiments, VS and VTA involvement is the strongest during

A

the anticipation of money

58
Q

in monetary reward experiments, VS and VTA involvement is __ during the outcome phase

A

low

59
Q

in monetary reward experiments, the outcome phase activity is mostly in these 3 places:

A

vmPFC
dlPFC
dACC

60
Q

vmPFC, dlPFC, and dACC are more associated with our __ __ states as well as the evaluation and refinement of our goal-directed behavior

A

subjective motivational

61
Q

In Western cultures, money is a

A

primary reinforcer

62
Q

__ activity serves as a foundation for learning whom we can and cannot trust

A

VS

63
Q

VS activity increases when another individual is __ or __ to us in the context of social interaction

A

kind or generous

64
Q

trust __ VS activity

A

increases

65
Q

our ability to control our goal-directed behavior

A

impulsivity

66
Q

(high/low impulsivity): act without full consideration of consequences of their actions

A

high

67
Q

(high/low impulsivity): show considerable forethought and plan diligently for their futures

A

low

68
Q

higher levels of impulsivity are associated with greater activity of __ and __ in response to common reward-related triggers

A

VS, VTA

69
Q

higher levels of impulsivity are associated with less activity in __, including __ and __

A

PFC, dlPFC, dACC

70
Q

higher levels of impulsivity results in reduced

A

functional connectivity between VS and prefrontal regions

71
Q

areas where impulsivity is bottom-up (//)

A

VS and VTA

72
Q

areas where impulsivity is top-down (X)

A

dlPFC and dACC

73
Q

in the monetary incentive delay task, vmPFC, dlPFC, dACC is the most active during the __ stage

A

delay

74
Q

Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, activity of VS was most prominent during

A

question posed (product and price - would you buy it)

75
Q

Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, VS activity was strongest for products that participants

A

purchased

76
Q

Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, activity in VS gate __ in response to images that function as a conditioned stimulus because of the rewarding experience we had in the past

A

increases

77
Q

Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, we see the role of __ in the subjective evaluation of our experiences regarding sensory, interoceptive, and motivational info (~price differential)

A

vmPFC

78
Q

Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, the shopping task, when participants choose whether or not to purchase a product, there was __ activity

A

insula

79
Q

Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, there was __ __ activity in response to products that were not purchased

A

greater insula

80
Q

Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, greater insula suggests that interoceptive signals contribute to decisions to

A

avoid things we don’t want

81
Q

taking pleasure in the suffering of others

A

schadenfreude

82
Q

Cikara in Princeton found that there is __ pleasure taken in the failure of the rival team as in the success of the favored team

A

equal

83
Q

Cikara in Princeton found that there was activity near the __ when the favored team when the favored team was successful

A

striatum

84
Q

Cikara in Princeton found that there was activity near the __ when their rival team failed to a game with them

A

striatum

85
Q

Cikara in Princeton found that there was activity near the __ when their rival team failed to a third team

A

striatum

86
Q

Cikara in Princeton found that activity in __ and __ increased with the failure of the favored team and and success of the rival team

A

dACC, insula

87
Q

Cikara in Princeton’ study elaborates on how our favored team losing increases dACC and insula due to the __ __ some fans experience in this situation

A

physical distress

88
Q

is the capacity of a person to forgo a reward available immediately in favor of a future larger reward

A

delayed gratification

89
Q

Mischel in Columbia, the Marshmallow Test, reveals that those who could delay their gratification have led more

A

successful, productive lives characterized by good grades, good jobs, good health, and good relationships

90
Q

Mischel in Columbia, the Marshmallow Test, reveals that greater VS activity predicts __ ability to delay gratification

A

less

91
Q

Mischel in Columbia, the Marshmallow Test, reveals that __ activity in the dlPFC predicts a greater capacity to resist temptation and delay gratification

A

greater

92
Q

Mischel in Columbia, the Marshmallow Test, reveals that greater activity in the __ predicts a greater capacity to resist temptation and delay gratification

A

dlPFC

93
Q

this part integrates current and future needs in the service of formulating more complex and adaptive plans of action

A

dlPFC

Looking Inside the Disordered Brain (6 decks)

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