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Looking Inside the Disordered Brain > Corticostriatal Circuit - Order > Flashcards

Corticostriatal Circuit - Order Flashcards

1
Q

cue predicting reward kind of conditioning

A

classical conditioning

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2
Q

fear learning is a type of

A

negative classical conditioning

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3
Q

serves as the neural substrate for reward learning in classical conditioning

A

ventral striatum

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4
Q

info about secondary reinforcer comes to VS via

A

BLA

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5
Q

broad context in which secondary reinforcer appears comes to VS via

A

HF

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6
Q

most critical input comes from __ when dog is given primary reinforcer

A

midbrain VTA

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7
Q

release of dopamine from VTA to VS strengthens inputs from __ and __ and results VS gate to open

A

BLA, HF

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8
Q

opening the VS gate results in

A

downstream activation of circuit nodes

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9
Q

VS gate opens and drives activity in __ and __

A

VS, LH

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10
Q

neurons in VP drive activity in __, which initiate feeding reflexes like salivation

A

LH

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11
Q

circuit also mediates an increase in attention and activity associated with classical conditioning from VP to __, also releasing ___

A

NBM, cholinergic projections

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12
Q

this type of conditioning requires an explicit behavioral response to a cue in order to receive a reward

A

operant conditioning

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13
Q

__ conditioning is an ideal experimental strategy for corticostriatal circuit since mouse’s motivation is only satisfied through its action

A

operant

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14
Q

__-__ processing is same for classical and operand conditioning

A

bottom-up

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15
Q

through __ nuclei, VS turns input into alterations in physiological responses as it goes to VP(?)

A

hypothalamic

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16
Q

info going from VP –> NBM, these neurons are released

A

cholinergic

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17
Q

increase in cholinergic neurons increase the processing of ___ ___

A

sensory information

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18
Q

increase in cholinergic tone and sensory information leads to PFC, broadening

A

attentional spotlight

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19
Q

operand conditioning has a different __-__ processing

A

top-down

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20
Q

role of vmPFC for bottom-up processing is ___ subjective awareness of our internal and external world

A

generating

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21
Q

role of vmPFC for top-down processing is a relay between __ and __ for action planning

A

VS, dlPFC

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22
Q

purpose of vmPFC top-down processing is

A

action planning

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23
Q

while top-down behavioral programs and action plans emerge ___, these will be pruned down to only those resulting in the receipt of reward

A

randomly

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24
Q

goal-directed planning starting route __ –> __ –> ___

A

dlPFC, vmPFC, VS

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25
in operant conditioning, DA release strengthens (4 things)
basic reward learning dlPFC (top-down behavioral programming) DS motor cortices
26
in operant conditioning, the absence of DA release when incorrect behavior is performed, the unsuccessful top-down program is __, which produces adaptive responses
weakened
27
any constellation of changes in behavior or physiology that increases an individual's survival
adaptive response
28
when the execution of a specific action plan results in a reward-associated input and output pathways are reinforced through the release of __ in __
dopamine, VS gate
29
___ relays information to ___, which functions to monitor our behavior and register conflict between our goals and outcome
vmPFC, dACC
30
when dACC relays info regarding the presence of conflict forward to the dlPFC, an __ __ __ can be generated and executed through VS gate
alternate action plan
31
successful plans are reinforced and expressed as reward learning when
alternate behavioral plans can be tested until goal is achieved
32
Haber from uni of rochester enabled our understanding of how connections between nodes of corticostriatal circuit support
goal-directed actions and reward learning
33
to identify the connections between corticostriatal circuit nodes (flow of information supporting reward learning), Haber from Rochester
injected tracer chemicals into neurons in various nodes of monkeys' corticostriatal circuit
34
move forward
anterograde
35
move backward
retrograde
36
Haber's research was able to reveal
the flow if information supporting reward learning
37
primary reinforcers activate 3 places in brain
VS, VP, DS
38
delivery of food or drink especially when participants are hungry/thirsty, triggers robust __ activity
VS
39
skip
:)
40
not only activity the VS, but also in __ correlates with how subjectively pleasant participants find the substance
vmPFC
41
correlation between VS and VP reflects the activation of __ __ __, while that with vmPFC reflects the __ of sensory, interoceptive, contextual, and other motivational states
hedonic hot spots, convergent processing
42
sex studies use __ since it's less sensitive to motion
PET
43
sex studies have strong activation in 6 things
striatum midbrain hypothalamus amygdala PFC sensory cortices
44
this region of men show greater activity than women's when viewing pornographic videos
hypothalamus
45
hypothalamus contains the __ __ __, which exhibits sexual dimorphism
medial preoptic area
46
music is ___ rewarding, regarding that our personal discographies have no obvious reward learning
intrinsically
47
these 2 abstract stimuli, as primary reinforcers, are unique to humans
music humor
48
what makes us laugh is related to
VS VTA as well as PFC, DS, hypothalamus
49
how subjectively we like music/humor is correlated with
the magnitude of activity in the VS
50
myriad secondary reinforcers trigger __ activity in the VS gate and extended corticostriatal circuit
strong
51
seeing ashtrays, packs of cigarettes, pipes, and bongs trigger
VS gate
52
tasting the flavor of beer without alcohol elicited release of __ in __, also resulting in a greater craving
DA, VS
53
DA release in __ and __ predicts how hard an individual will work to receive an award
striatum, vmPFC
54
unlike primary reinforcers, VS activity in response to secondary reinforcers is related to __ rather than __ of stimuli
wanting, liking
55
Wolfram Schultz's study achieved to identify the role of __ release in __
DA, reward learning
56
activities in __ and __ during monetary incentive tasks mirror the relationship between DA and reward learning in Schultz's experiment
VS, VTA
57
in monetary reward experiments, VS and VTA involvement is the strongest during
the anticipation of money
58
in monetary reward experiments, VS and VTA involvement is __ during the outcome phase
low
59
in monetary reward experiments, the outcome phase activity is mostly in these 3 places:
vmPFC dlPFC dACC
60
vmPFC, dlPFC, and dACC are more associated with our __ __ states as well as the evaluation and refinement of our goal-directed behavior
subjective motivational
61
In Western cultures, money is a
primary reinforcer
62
__ activity serves as a foundation for learning whom we can and cannot trust
VS
63
VS activity increases when another individual is __ or __ to us in the context of social interaction
kind or generous
64
trust __ VS activity
increases
65
our ability to control our goal-directed behavior
impulsivity
66
(high/low impulsivity): act without full consideration of consequences of their actions
high
67
(high/low impulsivity): show considerable forethought and plan diligently for their futures
low
68
higher levels of impulsivity are associated with greater activity of __ and __ in response to common reward-related triggers
VS, VTA
69
higher levels of impulsivity are associated with less activity in __, including __ and __
PFC, dlPFC, dACC
70
higher levels of impulsivity results in reduced
functional connectivity between VS and prefrontal regions
71
areas where impulsivity is bottom-up (//)
VS and VTA
72
areas where impulsivity is top-down (X)
dlPFC and dACC
73
in the monetary incentive delay task, vmPFC, dlPFC, dACC is the most active during the __ stage
delay
74
Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, activity of VS was most prominent during
question posed (product and price - would you buy it)
75
Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, VS activity was strongest for products that participants
purchased
76
Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, activity in VS gate __ in response to images that function as a conditioned stimulus because of the rewarding experience we had in the past
increases
77
Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, we see the role of __ in the subjective evaluation of our experiences regarding sensory, interoceptive, and motivational info (~price differential)
vmPFC
78
Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, the shopping task, when participants choose whether or not to purchase a product, there was __ activity
insula
79
Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, there was __ __ activity in response to products that were not purchased
greater insula
80
Knuston in Stanford uni in the shopping test, greater insula suggests that interoceptive signals contribute to decisions to
avoid things we don't want
81
taking pleasure in the suffering of others
schadenfreude
82
Cikara in Princeton found that there is __ pleasure taken in the failure of the rival team as in the success of the favored team
equal
83
Cikara in Princeton found that there was activity near the __ when the favored team when the favored team was successful
striatum
84
Cikara in Princeton found that there was activity near the __ when their rival team failed to a game with them
striatum
85
Cikara in Princeton found that there was activity near the __ when their rival team failed to a third team
striatum
86
Cikara in Princeton found that activity in __ and __ increased with the failure of the favored team and and success of the rival team
dACC, insula
87
Cikara in Princeton' study elaborates on how our favored team losing increases dACC and insula due to the __ __ some fans experience in this situation
physical distress
88
is the capacity of a person to forgo a reward available immediately in favor of a future larger reward
delayed gratification
89
Mischel in Columbia, the Marshmallow Test, reveals that those who could delay their gratification have led more
successful, productive lives characterized by good grades, good jobs, good health, and good relationships
90
Mischel in Columbia, the Marshmallow Test, reveals that greater VS activity predicts __ ability to delay gratification
less
91
Mischel in Columbia, the Marshmallow Test, reveals that __ activity in the dlPFC predicts a greater capacity to resist temptation and delay gratification
greater
92
Mischel in Columbia, the Marshmallow Test, reveals that greater activity in the __ predicts a greater capacity to resist temptation and delay gratification
dlPFC
93
this part integrates current and future needs in the service of formulating more complex and adaptive plans of action
dlPFC

Looking Inside the Disordered Brain (6 decks)

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