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Looking Inside the Disordered Brain > Corticostriatal Circuit - Anatomy > Flashcards

Corticostriatal Circuit - Anatomy Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

striatum appearance

A

striped

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2
Q

striations are

A

myelinated axons

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3
Q

striatum is divided to

A

dorsal and ventral

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4
Q

dorsal striatum is divided to

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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5
Q

ventral striatum is comprised of

A

NAcc

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6
Q

NAcc is divided into

A

shell and core

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7
Q

this thalamic nuclei serves sensory relay function

A

pulvinar

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8
Q

thalamic neurons function to

A

relay functions between cortical and subcortical structures, including the striatum and prefrontal cortex

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9
Q

relay signals from the mPFC to the striatum, and then VS specifically

A

midline and medial intralaminar thalamic nuclei

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10
Q

relay information from VS back to PFC to monitor our actions

A

dorsomedial nucleus (thalamus)

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11
Q

other nuclei of the thalamus connect striatum (caudate and putamen in DS) to

A

cortical regions resposible to motor behaviors

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12
Q

these nuclei function are critical relays – DS influences goal-directed movement through motor cortices

A

ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei

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13
Q

T/F: sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to striatum directly

A

False

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14
Q

beyond thalamus, information about specific sensory cues is provided through the

A

amygdala

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15
Q

receives afferent input from auditory, visual, gustatory, and somatosensory cortices, and the sensory nuclei of the thalamus

A

amygdala

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16
Q

relays sensory info to the CeA –> downstream changes –> recognition and reaction of challenges

A

BLA

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17
Q

__ projects to __ to allow multimodal sensory input to reach to this gate

A

BLA, VS

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18
Q

a genetic manipulation that allows control over the activity of specific neurons using concentrated beams of light –> observing effects of genetically marked neuron activity

A

optogenetics

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19
Q

study that uses gulatamatergic neurons in BLA activity in NAcc of living rats

A

Stuber’s study

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20
Q

Stuber’s study showed that the stimulation of __ and __ led rats to __ and resulted in ___

A

BLA, NAcc, consume more sugar water, reinforced behavior

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21
Q

In Stuber’s study, the reinforced behavior was dependent on the release of __ in the __ at the time of

A

dopamine, NAcc, optogenetic stimulation

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22
Q

provides important info about the context of our experiences

A

hippocampal formation

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23
Q

“my hunger was satisfied by eating a hamburger at mcdonald’s in my hometown” this realization is thanks to

A

hippocampal formation

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24
Q

experiencing the same motivation-action association repeatedly in the same context

A

hippocampal formation

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25
Q

this region of the circuit is where VS gate largely operates indirectly

A

ventral pallidum

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26
Q

Vs projects to neurons in __, which drives activities of downstream regions to facilitate goal-directed behaviors

A

VP

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27
Q

BOLD signal from this region represents activity of neurons in __ and __

A

VS, VP

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28
Q

VP contains ___ neurons that project to the ___

A

cholinergic, PFC

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29
Q

VS gate can indirectly ___ responsiveness of PFC through __ __ pathways

A

increase, VP cholinergic

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30
Q

VP cholinergic pathways enable us to

A

selectively focus our attention on signals that help us coordinate actions that satisfy our motivations

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31
Q

neuromodulators produced in response to reward and associated with the subjective experience of pleasure

A

endogenous opioids

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32
Q

VP contains ___, which release hedonic tone, how much we subjectively enjoy our experiences and like stimuli we encounter

A

endogenous opioids

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33
Q

general level of pleasure an individual experiences from stimuli and activities they find rewarding. endogenous opioids increase it

A

hedonic tone

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34
Q

T/F: hedonic tone vs wanting things is different

A

True

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35
Q

Kent Berridge’s study at Umich’s study was on

A

likings vs wanting

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36
Q

Berridge’s study identified subregions in VP that appear to signal

A

liking or rewards

37
Q

in Berridge’s study, they measured liking/disliking through animal’s

A

facial responses

38
Q

Berridge’s study: sweet tastes resulted in __ and bitter tastes resulted in

A

tongue protrusions, mouth gapes

39
Q

Berridge’s study found that hedonic hot spots contains neurons that synthesize

A

endogenous opioids

40
Q

In Berridge’s study, experimenally adding opioids to hot spots __ the liking expressions when rats were given sweets

A

instensified

41
Q

subregions of VP which receive input from VS ___ we derive from rewarding stimuli

A

code hedonic quality

42
Q

In Berridge’s study, hedonic spots in the rat brain are found in (3) spots: which amplify the “liking” reaction

A

VS
VP
parabrachial nucleus of brainstem

43
Q

VS gate supports life-sustaining functions by driving core regions in ___

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

regulates feeding and drinking behaviors

A

lateral hypothalamus

45
Q

regulates sexual behaviors, including copulation

A

medial preoptic area (PO)

46
Q

one of the few brain regions in humans that exhibit sexual dimorphism, larger volumes observed in men than women

A

medial PO

47
Q

when the same structure exists in distinctively diff sizes in males and females of same species

A

structural dimorphism

48
Q

output of __ and the downstream signaling of __ contribute to pronounced differences in sexual behaviors of men and women

A

PO, VS

49
Q

functions to systematically integrate converging bottom-up and top-down info to better shape adaptive responses to our environments

A

mPFC

50
Q

bottom-up sensory info from thalamus and cortex, interoceptive info from the insula, and contexual info from HF are integrated with motivational info from the VS

A

vmPFC

51
Q

this region contributes to awareness of hunger by integrating signals from your growling stomach and watering mouth, and when you combine that with HF, you’re ready to eat

A

vmPFC

52
Q

serves as the junction through top-down info from lateral and dorsal regions of PFC can inform, direct, and regulate motivational signals generated by VS

A

vmPFC

53
Q

through vmPFC, complex behavioral plans to satisfy motivations are communicated from __ to the VS

A

dlPFC

54
Q

this region functions to monitor conflict between our expectations and actual outcomes (conflict monitoring)

A

dACC

55
Q

process of detecting when an outcome deviates from an expectation, which helps generate changes to plans so the desired outcome is achieved (supported by dACC)

A

conflict monitoring

56
Q

conflict monitoring in dACC is relayed to ___, allowing for real-time control and correction of our actions to achieve our goals

A

dlPFC

57
Q

___ communicates our motivational state (sensory, interoceptive, and contextual info) to ___ so it initates a plan of action

A

vmPFC, dlPFC

58
Q

this part initates a plan of action, a goal-directed behavior

A

dlPFC

59
Q

if you take a wrong turn on your way to McDonald’s, the ___ would signal this conflict back to the ___, allowing for a new set of plans so you get your burger

A

dACC, dlPFC

60
Q

relays signals from the DS to target regions supporting goal-directed actions (motor cortices)

A

dorsal pallidum

61
Q

comprised of external and internal segments of globus pallidus

A

dorsal pallidum

62
Q

globus pallidus (DS) + caudate and putamen of dorsal striatum

A

basal ganglia

63
Q

DP to motor cortices pathway

A

DP, ventral anterior and ventral thalamic nuclei, motor cortices

64
Q

goal-directed behaviors planned via dlPFC and gated through VS emerge as patterns of movement through

A

premotor and primary motor cortices

65
Q

excitatory glutamatergic neurons named for their pyramid-shaped central cell body

A

pyramidal neurons

66
Q

these neurons are found throughout the cortex and are preeminent in the generation of sensory, motor, affective, and cognitive processes

A

pyramidal neurons

67
Q

primary motor cortex

A

pyramidal neurons, corona radiata, brainstem, spinal cord, skeletal muscles

68
Q

functions to coordinate the specific sequence of movements directed by the primary motor cortex

A

premotor cortex

69
Q

last node of corticostriatal cirtcuit

A

midbrain

70
Q

determines whether the VS gate opens to generate goal-directed behaviors linking motivations and awards

A

midbrain

71
Q

region of the midbrain that generates signals

A

vental tegmental area (VTA)

72
Q

consists of neurons that synthesize the neuromodulator dopamine and release it through VS and PFC

A

VTA

73
Q

contains dopaminergic neurons that project primarily to DS and DP

A

substantia nigra

74
Q

dopamine released from substantia nigra into DS and DP functions to regulate ___

A

motor output

75
Q

this type of neuron is affected in Parkinson’s disease

A

dopaminergic neuron

76
Q

__ is the key and __ is the gate

A

dopamine, VS

77
Q

__ release in __ signals we are drinking water when thirsty or eating when hungry

A

dopamine, VS

78
Q

over time, dopamine signal in response to cues that predict ___ and not ___

A

intrinsic rewards, direct rewards

79
Q

when DA releases in VS, all inputs and outputs are reinforced to

A

strengthen goal-directed behavior

80
Q

Shultz’s study is about

A

monkey’s dopamine release, anticipation of reward

81
Q

Shultz first showed that DA is released from VTA when monkey __ reward

A

didn’t expect

82
Q

DA release in VTA (in Shultz’s study), __ attention to help identify stimuli

A

increase

83
Q

VTA neurons send projections to __, __, and __ so that dopamine signaling increases the activity of neurons supporting attention and exploration

A

PFC, VP, NBM

84
Q

in shultz’s study, if a cue is presented before monkey receives the juice, DA released occurred __ with the cue

A

in step

85
Q

in shultz’s study, reward prediction signal helps us __ __ __ result in reward

A

learn which cues

86
Q

in shultz’s study, when reward is withheld after a monkey learns that a cue predicts reward, DA release __ at the time the reward would normally be experiences

A

decreases

87
Q

in shultz’s study, decrease in DA release serves as a __-__ __ __ that helps monkey break out of a now unsuccessful pattern and go in search of new avenues of success

A

reward-prediction error signal

88
Q

this study’s goal was to understand that goal-directed behaviors that consistently in reward are strengthened and those that do not are weakened

A

Shultz’s study

Looking Inside the Disordered Brain (6 decks)

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