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Looking Inside the Disordered Brain > Corticostriatal Circuit - Anatomy > Flashcards

Corticostriatal Circuit - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

striatum appearance

A

striped

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2
Q

striations are

A

myelinated axons

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3
Q

striatum is divided to

A

dorsal and ventral

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4
Q

dorsal striatum is divided to

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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5
Q

ventral striatum is comprised of

A

NAcc

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6
Q

NAcc is divided into

A

shell and core

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7
Q

this thalamic nuclei serves sensory relay function

A

pulvinar

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8
Q

thalamic neurons function to

A

relay functions between cortical and subcortical structures, including the striatum and prefrontal cortex

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9
Q

relay signals from the mPFC to the striatum, and then VS specifically

A

midline and medial intralaminar thalamic nuclei

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10
Q

relay information from VS back to PFC to monitor our actions

A

dorsomedial nucleus (thalamus)

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11
Q

other nuclei of the thalamus connect striatum (caudate and putamen in DS) to

A

cortical regions resposible to motor behaviors

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12
Q

these nuclei function are critical relays – DS influences goal-directed movement through motor cortices

A

ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei

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13
Q

T/F: sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to striatum directly

A

False

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14
Q

beyond thalamus, information about specific sensory cues is provided through the

A

amygdala

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15
Q

receives afferent input from auditory, visual, gustatory, and somatosensory cortices, and the sensory nuclei of the thalamus

A

amygdala

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16
Q

relays sensory info to the CeA –> downstream changes –> recognition and reaction of challenges

A

BLA

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17
Q

__ projects to __ to allow multimodal sensory input to reach to this gate

A

BLA, VS

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18
Q

a genetic manipulation that allows control over the activity of specific neurons using concentrated beams of light –> observing effects of genetically marked neuron activity

A

optogenetics

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19
Q

study that uses gulatamatergic neurons in BLA activity in NAcc of living rats

A

Stuber’s study

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20
Q

Stuber’s study showed that the stimulation of __ and __ led rats to __ and resulted in ___

A

BLA, NAcc, consume more sugar water, reinforced behavior

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21
Q

In Stuber’s study, the reinforced behavior was dependent on the release of __ in the __ at the time of

A

dopamine, NAcc, optogenetic stimulation

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22
Q

provides important info about the context of our experiences

A

hippocampal formation

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23
Q

“my hunger was satisfied by eating a hamburger at mcdonald’s in my hometown” this realization is thanks to

A

hippocampal formation

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24
Q

experiencing the same motivation-action association repeatedly in the same context

A

hippocampal formation

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25
this region of the circuit is where VS gate largely operates indirectly
ventral pallidum
26
Vs projects to neurons in __, which drives activities of downstream regions to facilitate goal-directed behaviors
VP
27
BOLD signal from this region represents activity of neurons in __ and __
VS, VP
28
VP contains ___ neurons that project to the ___
cholinergic, PFC
29
VS gate can indirectly ___ responsiveness of PFC through __ __ pathways
increase, VP cholinergic
30
VP cholinergic pathways enable us to
selectively focus our attention on signals that help us coordinate actions that satisfy our motivations
31
neuromodulators produced in response to reward and associated with the subjective experience of pleasure
endogenous opioids
32
VP contains ___, which release hedonic tone, how much we subjectively enjoy our experiences and like stimuli we encounter
endogenous opioids
33
general level of pleasure an individual experiences from stimuli and activities they find rewarding. endogenous opioids increase it
hedonic tone
34
T/F: hedonic tone vs wanting things is different
True
35
Kent Berridge's study at Umich's study was on
likings vs wanting
36
Berridge's study identified subregions in VP that appear to signal
liking or rewards
37
in Berridge's study, they measured liking/disliking through animal's
facial responses
38
Berridge's study: sweet tastes resulted in __ and bitter tastes resulted in
tongue protrusions, mouth gapes
39
Berridge's study found that hedonic hot spots contains neurons that synthesize
endogenous opioids
40
In Berridge's study, experimenally adding opioids to hot spots __ the liking expressions when rats were given sweets
instensified
41
subregions of VP which receive input from VS ___ we derive from rewarding stimuli
code hedonic quality
42
In Berridge's study, hedonic spots in the rat brain are found in (3) spots: which amplify the "liking" reaction
VS VP parabrachial nucleus of brainstem
43
VS gate supports life-sustaining functions by driving core regions in ___
hypothalamus
44
regulates feeding and drinking behaviors
lateral hypothalamus
45
regulates sexual behaviors, including copulation
medial preoptic area (PO)
46
one of the few brain regions in humans that exhibit sexual dimorphism, larger volumes observed in men than women
medial PO
47
when the same structure exists in distinctively diff sizes in males and females of same species
structural dimorphism
48
output of __ and the downstream signaling of __ contribute to pronounced differences in sexual behaviors of men and women
PO, VS
49
functions to systematically integrate converging bottom-up and top-down info to better shape adaptive responses to our environments
mPFC
50
bottom-up sensory info from thalamus and cortex, interoceptive info from the insula, and contexual info from HF are integrated with motivational info from the VS
vmPFC
51
this region contributes to awareness of hunger by integrating signals from your growling stomach and watering mouth, and when you combine that with HF, you're ready to eat
vmPFC
52
serves as the junction through top-down info from lateral and dorsal regions of PFC can inform, direct, and regulate motivational signals generated by VS
vmPFC
53
through vmPFC, complex behavioral plans to satisfy motivations are communicated from __ to the VS
dlPFC
54
this region functions to monitor conflict between our expectations and actual outcomes (conflict monitoring)
dACC
55
process of detecting when an outcome deviates from an expectation, which helps generate changes to plans so the desired outcome is achieved (supported by dACC)
conflict monitoring
56
conflict monitoring in dACC is relayed to ___, allowing for real-time control and correction of our actions to achieve our goals
dlPFC
57
___ communicates our motivational state (sensory, interoceptive, and contextual info) to ___ so it initates a plan of action
vmPFC, dlPFC
58
this part initates a plan of action, a goal-directed behavior
dlPFC
59
if you take a wrong turn on your way to McDonald's, the ___ would signal this conflict back to the ___, allowing for a new set of plans so you get your burger
dACC, dlPFC
60
relays signals from the DS to target regions supporting goal-directed actions (motor cortices)
dorsal pallidum
61
comprised of external and internal segments of globus pallidus
dorsal pallidum
62
globus pallidus (DS) + caudate and putamen of dorsal striatum
basal ganglia
63
DP to motor cortices pathway
DP, ventral anterior and ventral thalamic nuclei, motor cortices
64
goal-directed behaviors planned via dlPFC and gated through VS emerge as patterns of movement through
premotor and primary motor cortices
65
excitatory glutamatergic neurons named for their pyramid-shaped central cell body
pyramidal neurons
66
these neurons are found throughout the cortex and are preeminent in the generation of sensory, motor, affective, and cognitive processes
pyramidal neurons
67
primary motor cortex
pyramidal neurons, corona radiata, brainstem, spinal cord, skeletal muscles
68
functions to coordinate the specific sequence of movements directed by the primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
69
last node of corticostriatal cirtcuit
midbrain
70
determines whether the VS gate opens to generate goal-directed behaviors linking motivations and awards
midbrain
71
region of the midbrain that generates signals
vental tegmental area (VTA)
72
consists of neurons that synthesize the neuromodulator dopamine and release it through VS and PFC
VTA
73
contains dopaminergic neurons that project primarily to DS and DP
substantia nigra
74
dopamine released from substantia nigra into DS and DP functions to regulate ___
motor output
75
this type of neuron is affected in Parkinson's disease
dopaminergic neuron
76
__ is the key and __ is the gate
dopamine, VS
77
__ release in __ signals we are drinking water when thirsty or eating when hungry
dopamine, VS
78
over time, dopamine signal in response to cues that predict ___ and not ___
intrinsic rewards, direct rewards
79
when DA releases in VS, all inputs and outputs are reinforced to
strengthen goal-directed behavior
80
Shultz's study is about
monkey's dopamine release, anticipation of reward
81
Shultz first showed that DA is released from VTA when monkey __ reward
didn't expect
82
DA release in VTA (in Shultz's study), __ attention to help identify stimuli
increase
83
VTA neurons send projections to __, __, and __ so that dopamine signaling increases the activity of neurons supporting attention and exploration
PFC, VP, NBM
84
in shultz's study, if a cue is presented before monkey receives the juice, DA released occurred __ with the cue
in step
85
in shultz's study, reward prediction signal helps us __ __ __ result in reward
learn which cues
86
in shultz's study, when reward is withheld after a monkey learns that a cue predicts reward, DA release __ at the time the reward would normally be experiences
decreases
87
in shultz's study, decrease in DA release serves as a __-__ __ __ that helps monkey break out of a now unsuccessful pattern and go in search of new avenues of success
reward-prediction error signal
88
this study's goal was to understand that goal-directed behaviors that consistently in reward are strengthened and those that do not are weakened
Shultz's study

Looking Inside the Disordered Brain (6 decks)

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