Corticobulbospinal Tracts & Basal Ganglia Motor Systems II

Question 1

baseline activity

Answer 1

can increase or decrease

-change in frequency of APs

Question 2

disinhibition

Answer 2

removal of inhibitory effect of stimulus

Question 3

basal nuclei

Answer 3

subcortical grey matter

Question 4

components of basal nuclei

Answer 4

striatum (caudate + putamen)
globus pallidus (external and internal)
nucleus accumbens
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

Question 5

lentiform nucleus

Answer 5

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 6

GPe and GPi

Answer 6

globus pallidus internal and external

internal - medial
external - lateral

Question 7

division of substantia nigra

Answer 7

pars compacta - dopamine
-lost in parkinsons Dx
pars reticulata

Question 8

basal nuclei arrangement

Answer 8

paired parallel circuits

Question 9

role of basal nuclei

Answer 9

determine what behavior is appropriate

Question 10

direct pathway

Answer 10

yes pathway

-basal nuclei > cortex

Question 11

indirect pathway

Answer 11

no pathway

-basal nuclei > cortex

Question 12

basal nuclei

Answer 12

balance of direct vs. indirect pathway

Question 13

3 kinds of behavior through basal nuclei

Answer 13

motor
cognition
affect (emotion)

not vision / audition**

Question 14

seen rostrally

Answer 14

nucleus accumbens

appears to connect caudate and putamen

Question 15

input to basal nuclei

Answer 15

striatum

Question 16

output of basal nuclei

Answer 16

GPi and SNr

influence cortex via thalamus

Question 17

to striatum

Answer 17

motor activity
cognitive processes - prefrontal
emotional behavior - limbic

Question 18

caudate

Answer 18

cognitive processes

Question 19

ventral striatum

Answer 19

emotional behaviors

Question 20

putamen

Answer 20

motor activity

Question 21

basal nuclei blood supply

Answer 21

branches of anterior cerebral artery - caudate head and nucleus accumbens

branches of middle cerebral artery (lenticulostriate ) - lentiform and striatum

branches of posterior cerebral artery - substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

Question 22

basal nuclei pathology

Answer 22

movement disorders
-don’t affect strength, coordination, or sensation

affect voluntary systems**

Question 23

akinetic

Answer 23

without movement

Question 24

negative sign

Answer 24

reduced movement

Question 25

positive sign

Answer 25

increased movement

Question 26

hypokinesia

Answer 26

reduced movement

Question 27

bradykinesai

Answer 27

slow movement

Question 28

dyskinesia

Answer 28

inappropriate movements

Question 29

tremor

Answer 29

oscillatory movement

-at rest, decreased with voluntary movement

Question 30

athetosis

Answer 30

slow, writhing movement

Question 31

chorea

Answer 31

abrupt, rapid, jerking, dance-like movements

Question 32

choreoathetosis

Answer 32

overlap of athetosis and chorea

Question 33

ballism

Answer 33

violent jerking of one limb

usually unilateral - hemiballismus

Question 34

parkinsons

Answer 34

cause unknown
degeneration of SNc

lack in melanin containing dopaminergic neurons

Question 35

Sx of parkinsons

Answer 35

hypokinesia and bradykinesia

• negative signs
• gait - small shuffle steps
• facial masking - no facial communication
• tremor and rigidity
• positive signs

loss of postural reflexes
-close eyes, shove, can’t recover

Question 36

substantia nigra compacta

Answer 36

drives cortex

• increase direct loop
• decrease indirect loop

Question 37

parkinsons therapy

Answer 37

L-dopa
-doesn’t work long term

replace missing cells
-will get killed too

deep brain stimulation

Question 38

huntingtons disease

Answer 38

earlier onset - age 30-40
multiple CAG repeats on chromosome for protein huntungtin
-results in cell death

autosomal dominant

Question 39

pathology of huntingtons

Answer 39

degeneration of striatum

-loss of cholinergic neurons

Question 40

Sx of huntingtons

Answer 40

hyperkinesias
-choreoathetosis

dementia and cognitive changes

little treatment

hallucinations/paranoia