Cortical Localization of Function II

Question 1

Describe the neuroanatomical systems underlying language, and how damage to these systems results in the various aphasic syndromes

Question 2

Describe the functional anatomy of the frontal eye fields

Answer 2

Anterior to the premotor cortex in the middle frontal gyrus

voluntary saccades to select visual targets

lesion causes deviation of the eyes to the ipsilateral side during the acute phase

Question 3

Describe the role of emotion and its interaction with higher-order cognitive abilities

Answer 3

Emotion may facilitate or interfere with cognition and behavior, exerting both transient and long-term effects:-on perception and attention-on learning and memory-on decision-making

Cognitive processes can regulate emotional responses:-control of emotional distraction-control of content of conscious thought-control of motivation

Question 4

Describe the major divisions of the prefrontal cortex and their functions

Answer 4

ventromedial, dorsolateral, dorsalmedial

Question 5

Contrast the impact of damage or dysfunction in prefrontal cortex across the major divisions

Answer 5

vmPFC
dlPFC (left vs right lesions)
dmPFC (akinetic mutism)

Question 6

List the Major Elements of Aphasia

Answer 6

Word and sentence production

Paraphasias: production of an unintended sound within a word, or whole word

• verbal or semantic: substitution of an entire word (e.g., “hot” for wet; “hour” for month)
• phonemic: substitution, addition,or omission of a phoneme within a word (e.g., table becomes “taber” or “tadle”)
• neologism: production of a novel word (e.g., “bismerky”), likely due to multiple phonemic errors
• Agrammatism
  - telegraphic speech: simple two-word sentences, such as “kitty tired” or “I hungry”
• Fluency
• Verbatim repetition
• Articulation and prosody
• Auditory comprehension
• Reading and writing

Question 7

Describe Broca’s Aphasia

Question 8

Describe Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 9

Describe Global Aphasia

Question 10

Describe conduction aphasia

Question 11

Describe transcortical sensory aphasia

Question 12

Describe transcortical motor aphasia

Question 13

Describe anomic aphasia

Question 14

Describe subcortical “atypical” aphasia

Question 15

Distinguish aphasia from:
Psychosis
Mutism
Dysarthria
Aphemia

Answer 15

• Psychosis: impairment in the coherence of thought
• Mutism: an avolitional state with no attempt to initiate speech
• Dysarthria: speech not articulated clearly due to central or peripheral motor defect
• Aphemia: no articulation due to central motor defect (e.g., damage to left precentral gyrus sparing Broca’s area)