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Yr 5 - Ophthalmology > Corrections 2 > Flashcards

Corrections 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What ethnicity is a risk factor for AACG?

A

Asian

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2
Q

Typical IOP in AACG?

A

≥40mmHg

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3
Q

What investigation provides a diagnosis of AACG?

A

Gonioscopy –> allows assessment of iridocorneal angle

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4
Q

What combination of eye drops are used in AACG?

A

1) Beta blocker e.g. timolol

2) Alpha agonist e.g. apraclonidine

3) Direct parasympathomimetic e.g. pilocarpine

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5
Q

Effect of pilocarpine on ciliary muscle?

A

Causes ciliary muscle contraction

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6
Q

Can IOP be normal in 1ary open angle glaucoma?

A

Yes!

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7
Q

What ethnicity are at risk of POAG?

A

Black patients

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8
Q

What medication can increase the risk of POAG?

A

Steroids

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9
Q

Describe visual loss in POAG?

A

Peripheral visual field loss

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10
Q

Give 2 fundoscopy findings in POAG

A

1) Optic disc cupping
2) Optic disc pallor (indicating optic nerve atrophy)

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11
Q

How can POAG (and AACG) cause optic nerve atrophy?

A

The increase in pressure damages the optic nerve by reducing the amount of blood that can get through the tiny blood vessels and by pressing on the nerve itself.

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12
Q

Define endophthalmitis

A

inflammation of aqueous and/or vitreous humour

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness in the UK?

A

ARMD

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of curable blindness worldwide?

A

Cataracts

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15
Q

Describe vision loss in ARMD

A

Vision loss particularly for near field objects

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16
Q

Features of ARMD?

A
  • Straight lines appear wavy (Amsler grid)
  • Reduction in visual acuity, particularly for near field objections
  • Deterioration in night vision
  • Visual hallucinations (Charles-Bonnet)
17
Q

Features of retinal detachment?

A
  • Flashes & floaters
  • Painless vision loss (like a curtain/shadow) from the periphery to the centre
18
Q

Mx of patients with new onset flashes and floaters?

A

Urgent referral (<24 hours) to an ophthalmologist for assessment with a slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscopy for pigment cells and vitreous haemorrhage.

19
Q

What can posterior vitreous detachment lead to?

A

Retinal detachment

20
Q

1st line mx of HSV keratitis?

A

Topical antivirals e.g. ganciclovir or acyclovir

21
Q

Most common bacterial cause of microbial keratitis?

A

Staph. aureus

22
Q

Most common bacterial cause of microbial keratitis in contact lens wearers?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

23
Q

Mx of contact lens wearers with a painful red eye?

A

Same day referral for assessment –> rule out microbial keratitis

24
Q

1st line abx in microbial keratitis?

A

Topical quinolones e.g. ciprofloxacin

25
Q

What is a ciliary flush?

What condition is it seen in?

A

A red ring around the cornea that’s caused by dilated blood vessels. It’s also known as perilimbal redness.

Seen in anterior uveitis.

26
Q

1st line mx of anterior uveitis?

A

Topical steroid & cycloplegic agent (e.g. atropine)

27
Q

Posterior synechiae are a potential complication of anterior uveitis.

What are these?

A

Adhesions between the iris and lens can lead to pupil distortion, iris bombe, and angle-closure glaucoma.

28
Q

Cause of an irregular pupil in anterior uveitis?

A

Posterior synechiae

29
Q

What are corneal ulcers highly associated with?

A

Extended contact lens wearers (especially overnight)

30
Q

What are some ocular complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus?

A

conjunctivitis, keratitis, episcleritis, anterior uveitis

31
Q

Mx of herpes zoster ophthalmicus?

A

oral antiviral treatment for 7-10 days

32
Q

Mx of Ramsay Hunt syndrome?

A

Oral aciclovir + steroids

33
Q

What is Adie’s tonic pupil due to?

A

due to ciliary ganglion dysfunction (results in parasympathetic dysfunction –> pupil is dilated).

Anisocoria is WORSE in bright light.

34
Q

How soon should oral aciclovir be started in herpes zoster ophthalmicus?

A

Within 72h of onset

35
Q

What can be seen on fundoscopy following pan-retinal photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

dark circular scars at the periphery

36
Q

Describe stage I to IV of hypertensive retinopathy (Keith-Wagener classification)

A

I - arteriolar narrowing and tortuosity, silver wiring

II - AV nipping

III - cotton wool spots, flame & blot haemorrhages

IV - papilloedema

37
Q
A

Yr 5 - Ophthalmology (17 decks)

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