Coronary heart disease

Question 1

what is CHD ?

Answer 1

a non communicable disease

Question 2

factors affecting non-communicable diseases?

Answer 2

• increased car use
• easy accessibility to low cost fatty foods
• more high fat and high sugar foods
• prolonged periods of inactivity
• greater use of alcohol and tobacco

Question 3

what is a sedentary lifestyle?

Answer 3

A type of lifestyle with little or no physical activity

Question 4

reasons why people are less physically active…

Answer 4

• changes in the type of jobs people do

- longer working hours and greater commuting

Question 5

coronary heart disease

Answer 5

the leading cause of death worldwide in 2015
90,000 deaths per year in UK.
more than 2.2 million in UK living with CHD.

Question 6

what is CHD?

Answer 6

begins when cholesterol fatty material and calcium build up in the arteries

Question 7

what are the symptoms of CHD.

Answer 7

shortness of breath 
chest pain 
jaw pain
sweating 
nausea

Question 8

CHD risk factors

Answer 8

smoking 
high blood pressure 
high cholesterol 
diabetes
obesity 
lack of exercise
diet high in fat

Question 9

links to the environment

Answer 9

air quality
climate
relief and topography

Question 10

air quality

Answer 10

industrialisation has brought a number of neg effects.

increased exposure to air pollution from industry and transport increases risk of CHD

Question 11

climate

Answer 11

uk studies have shown temp and sunshine are linked to rates of CHD. CHD rates were higher in areas with lower temps and sunshine

Question 12

relief and topography

Answer 12

no clear links between landscape and CHD risk other than that a challenging relief requires more physical effort for walking which could be a threat to underlying issues

Question 13

links with CHD and physcial environment

Answer 13

links are minimal

lifestyle choices with a variety of physical environments are important risk factors

Question 14

poor diet and negative lifestyle factors

Answer 14

expected to account for one third of deaths associated with CHD

Question 15

social factors which increase risk

Answer 15

social deprivation 
tobacco use
alcohol use 
high blood pressure 
high cholesterol
poor nutrition 
overweight and obesity 
diabetes

Question 16

one of major factors of CHD in developing countries

Answer 16

rapid rate of urbanisation

Question 17

negative impacts of urbanisation that increase risk…

Answer 17

• areas with poor housing conditions and poor access to healthcare
• overcrowded areas can spread disease
• higher levels of air pollution
• urban activity encourages sedentary habits

Question 18

CHD diagnosis

Answer 18

variety of tests most common is an ECG

Question 19

treatment of CHD

Answer 19

1. angioplasty and stent insertion
2. bypass graft
3. medication e.g beta blockers, statins and aspirin
4. disease prevention - eating healthy exercising etc

Question 20

impact

Answer 20

medical advances have reduced the impact greatly in recent years

Question 21

healthcare costs

Answer 21

costs the NHS around 8.7 billion and economy 19 billion

Question 22

non -healthcare costs

Answer 22

losses due to mortality and morbidity cost the uk over 3.9 billion with around 65% due to death and 35% due to illness

Question 23

total costs

Answer 23

estimated to cost uk 9 billion per year
-36% direct healthcare costs
-43% productivity losses
21% informal care of people with CHD

Question 24

prevention

Answer 24

educating the public
making treatments available and affordable
advising patients on healthy living practices

Question 25

policies and legislation

Answer 25

most common legislation involves reducing tobacco smoking which has clear links to reducing CHD