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population and environment > Coronary heart disease > Flashcards

Coronary heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is chd?

A

CHD begins when cholesterol fatter material and calcium build up in the arteries. When this occurs, the arteries that supply the heart narrow due to plaque build up and the oxygen delivered to the heart is reduced.

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2
Q

What causes CHD?

A

Lifestyle, diet (lots of sugar and fat), lack of exercise, angina triggered by physical activity, smoking and drinking

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of CHD?

A

Shortness of breath, chest pain. Angina- low level constant chest pain which may spread to the arms neck jaw back or stomach

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4
Q

How does air quality influence CHD?

A

Industrialised areas show increased exposure to airborne pollutants especially particulate matter which increases the risk of CHD. This suggests rural areas should have lower risk but there is no clear evidence

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5
Q

How does climate influence CHD?

A

Areas with lower average temperature and sunlight hours tend to have higher mortality rates. Cold damp air negatively impacts the cardio respiratory system.

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6
Q

How does relief and topography influence CHD?

A

No clear links other than challenging relief requires greater physical effort. This encourages more physical effort. Urban areas have more gym provisions now (encouraging exercise).

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7
Q

How many people are affected by CHD?

A

Estimated around 200 million-
110 million men
80 million women

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8
Q

How does social deprivation influence CHD?

A

Positive correlation between deaths from heart disease and deprivation due to lack of education and lifestyle choices.

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9
Q

How does tobacco use influence CHD?

A

Mortality from CHD is 60% higher in smokers. Nicotine and carbon monoxide strain the heart by making it work faster an increasing the risk of blood clots. Other chemicals in cigarette smoke damage the lining of the coronary artery.

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10
Q

How does alcohol influence CHD?

A

Excessive drinking raises blood pressure heats the heart muscles and causes irregular heart rhythms. 2% of CHD in men is due to excessive drinking

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11
Q

How do existing health problems influence CHD?

A

High blood pressure doubles the risk of heart attacks. 45% of heart attacks are caused by high cholesterol. Type two diabetes increases risk- all three health problems are related to obesity.

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12
Q

How does nutrition influence CHD?

A

Diets in high saturated fat, sodium and sugar and low in complex carbohydrates fruit and vegetables increases risk of CHD.

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13
Q

How does physical activity influence CHD?

A

Reduces risk of CHD. More than 20% of CHD is caused by lack of exercise.

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14
Q

How do genetics influence CHD?

A

South asians are more likely to develop premature CHD. Relatives of patients with CHD have double the risk.

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15
Q

What percentage of Russia are smokers?

A

40% of Russia smoke- which is one of the leading causes of heart disease

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16
Q

How many deaths per 100,000 are caused by CHD in Russia?

A

Over 500

17
Q

What is the CHD or eve lance percentage in Russia?

A

7-16%

18
Q

What percentage of people have diabetes in Russia?

A

7-16% have diabetes (highest in women)

19
Q

How does CHD impact health and well-being?

A
  • increased anxiety and depression
  • strains relationships
  • frequent visits to the doctors
  • medication for the rest of their lives which is expensive for people who don’t have access to NHS
20
Q

CHD impacts on economic well-being

A
  • 2009, CHD cost the NHS £8.7 billion
  • 2020 onwards cost the NHS £15.8 billion
    -People take time off work costing the uk economy $19 billion
21
Q

When was the ban on advertising smoking?

A

1965

22
Q

When was the smoking ban in public places?

A

2007

23
Q

When did health warnings on cigarette packets start?

A

2007

24
Q

When did healthy school dinner initiatives start?

A

1999

25
Q

When did the sugar tax start?

A

2018

26
Q

Is there a tax on cigarettes and alcohol?

A

yes

27
Q

What are issues with nutrition labelling?

A

Only must include Kcal not each individual thing making it hard to avoid specifics.

28
Q

What prevention strategies are in place against CHD?

A
  • education on heart disease
  • make treatments available and supportable
  • free health checks (tesco have offered over half a million free health checks)
  • reduce alcohol consumption
  • controlling existing health problems
29
Q

How does urbanisation affect CHD?

A
  • atmospheric pollution
  • lack of green space
  • busy lives bring convenience to fast food
  • city dwellers are more likely to smoke and suffer from second hand smoking

population and environment (5 decks)

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