Core Studies- Learning Approach

Question 1

Differentiate evalutative / expectancy learning

Answer 1

Expectancy: associate an object with negative outcome.
Evaluative: learn to judge or evalutate an object in a negative way, eg. think something is “disgusting”

Question 2

Saavedra & Silverman: sample, nature of consent

Answer 2

9 year old hispanic boy through Florida International University
The boy and his mother consented to the procedures, mother consented to the publication.

Question 3

Saavedra & Silverman: explain origin of phobia

Answer 3

began at 5 years old.
retreiving buttons for a project from a large bowl on teacher’s desk
all the buttons fell on him, described as highly distressful.
Saavedra & Silverman also were very careful to make sure there was no other trauma (sexual abuse) that could explain it.

Question 4

Exemplify Feelings Thermometer (silverman)

Answer 4

9 point rating scale based on a subjective rating of experienced distress.
Highest (8) = Small plastic buttons (clear) & Small plastic buttons (colored)
(2) = Large denim jean buttons

Question 5

Saavedra & Silverman Behavioural Exposures

Answer 5

Mother gave positive rewards after exposre tasks were completed. “Positive reinforcement management contingent on completion of tasks:
20-30 minute sessions
Completed all in vivo exposures by session 4.
But by session 4, severity rating jumped from 6 to 8 for hugging mom wearing plastic buttons

Question 6

Saavedra & Silverman Imagery Therapy

Answer 6

Probing revelaed that “buttons were disgusting” and they “Smelled”
Over 7 sessions which included imagery exposures and cognitive restructuring to combat evaluative learning.
Ratings dropped: 7 (before), 4 (during) and 3 (after).

Question 7

Saavedra and Silverman, length of study & followups

Answer 7

6 and 12 month follow ups, phobia had been eradicated.

Question 8

Pepperberg. Sample, and its capabilities

Answer 8

Alex an african grey parrot, lived on labs 10 years prior.
Daytime free roam, nights in a cage.
Given toys & adequete food

Prior to training, Alex could identify colors red, green, yellow, etc. Also could identify shapes triangle and sqaure, etc. Also materials including wood, etc.

Could respond to cues like “What color” and “What shape”

Question 9

Explain model/rival approach

Answer 9

Human model + human trainer.
Responding to “what’s same” and “what’s different” between two objects.
Correct responses obtain object, incorrect is being scolded.
Alex watches.
Alex is also a “rival” because he can respond instead of the human and get the reward

Question 10

Results of Pepperberg

Answer 10

99/129 correct responses
69/99 correct responses of first trials
96/113 on novel objects

Question 11

Conclusions of pepperberg

Answer 11

1. verbal questions can be responded to with categorical labels
2. symbolic comprehension of “same” and “different” can occur in african grey parrots

Question 12

Bandura Sample & design

Answer 12

Standford nursery 36 gals and 36 boys

Matched on aggression, (2 observers with high inter-rater reliability of 0.89)

but indpendent measures design with controlled observation

Question 13

Bandura. List IVs

Answer 13

Model type: aggressive or non-aggressive
Model gender: same as child or not
Learner’s gender: boy or gal

Question 14

Bandura: describe two different rooms

Answer 14

First room had fire engine, baby crib, attracitve toys
Other room: table, chair, tinkertoy set, mallet and 5” inflatable bobodoll where observed the model
Room with toys: mallet, peg board, bobodoll, dart guns. tea set, crayons, colors,

Question 15

Bandura: observation categories

Answer 15

Imitative Phys. Aggression: mallet hit doll, punching in nose
Imitative verbal aggression: “Pow!” “Kick him!”
Imitative non-aggresive verbal: “He keeps coming back for more”
Non-imitative phys/verbal aggression: “Horses fighting biting” “Stupid ball”
Mallet aggression: attack other things with mallet
Sitting on doll: sitting on it without punching it
Aggressive Gun Play: attacking w/ gun

Question 16

Bandura Hypotheses (4)

Answer 16

1. Aggressive models will lead to aggressive behaviour
2. Non-aggressive models will be even less aggressive than no models
3. More likely to copy same-sex
4. Boys more readily copy aggression than girls