Core Studies- Biological

Question 1

Canli et al. Sample

Answer 1

10 right handed female participants, used a volunteer sample

Question 2

Canli et al. Explain the fMRI technique

Answer 2

Structural images were obtained using eight slices perpendicular to the axial plane of the hippocampus.

11 frames of functional imagery were captured per trial.

Machine: 1.5 Tesla imager was used

“patients are put into a scanner > strong magnetic field causes hydrogen nuclei to react in a particular way > this is recorded by the scanner”

Question 3

Canli et al. Describe the images & foils used

Answer 3

96 separate scenes from the International Affective Picture System with normative ratings for valence (degree of negativity) and arousal– the ratings had strong corelation of 0.89.

+48 new scenes (foils), matched on valence & arousal ratings

Question 4

Canli et al. Describe procedure for SHOWING the image

Answer 4

2.88 secs of image, followed by 12.96 secs of “fixation cross: interval” during which they had to rate it.

Randomized order for all images.

Question 5

Canli et al. Describe both the task & the memory task

Answer 5

They had to rate the image 0-3 (not emotionally intense at all to extremely emotionally intense)

Then, when displayed the scenes + foils, had to indicate if they were shown it or not. If yes, did they “remember” (were certain) or “know” (had a feeling)

Question 6

Canli et al. 2 aims of the study

Answer 6

To discover:

1. Is the amygdala activation different for different intensities of emotion experienced individually?
2. Does the degree of amygdala activation / emotional intensity affect ability to recall the stimuli?

Question 7

Canli Results

Answer 7

High correlation of subjective rating and arousal/valence ratings (-0.66 and 0.68)

Amygdala activation was significantly related to degree of subjective emotional intensity

Scenes that were rated 3 were highly likely to be remembered

If the subjective rating was high but amygdala activation was low, then it was unlikely to be remembered.

Question 8

Dement and Kleitman Sample

Answer 8

Seven male & two female (originally)

5 studied in detail, 4 were used to confirm the results

Question 9

Dement and Kletiman aims

Answer 9

Is dream recall different for nREM and REM sleeps?

Do subjective estimates of “dream length” correlate with actual length of REM period?

Does the pattern of eye movement reflect dream content?

Question 10

Dement and Kleitman materials

Answer 10

EEG: electro encephalogram used to measure the differences in brainwaves to see changes in sleep pattern.
Similar usage of EOG (electro oculogram) was used to measure movement of eyemuscles.
Doorbell sound used to wake participants
Recorder to tell the dream content into

Question 11

Dement and Kleitman

Procedures

Answer 11

1. Woken with a doorbell.
2. State if they were having a dream, and then describe the dream into a recorder
3. More questions by researchers if neccessary

Question 12

Dement and Kleitman quantitative results

Answer 12

79.6% of REM HAD dream recall
93% of nREM DID NOT HAVE dream recall
88% correct estimate for 5 minute dreams

Question 13

Dement and Kleitman Qualitative results

Answer 13

The dream descriptions:
eg: climbing up and down a ladder
watching two people throw tomatoes
driving a car and then suddenly seeing a car to the left
dribbling, looking at the net, and shooting a basketball.

Question 14

Schatcher and Singer Sample

Answer 14

185 males from University of Minnesota, given course credit for participating.
Checked for health records to make sure epinephrine was okay.
Opportunity sample

Question 15

Explain “euphoria” condition

Answer 15

> Room is slightly messy, they are told to help themselves to any papers or materials
Stooge introduces himself and make icebreaker comments.
Begins standardized routine of playing with the rubberbands and the hulahoop, inviting the participant to join in.
Stooge does not know what condition the participant is in

Question 16

Explain “anger” condition

Answer 16

> Participants are told to wait 20 mins for the vision test
Given an increasingly personal questionnaire that goes from “what do u eat on a normal day” to “how many extramartital partners does your mother have?”
Stooge gets angrier “Its unfair for them to give you shots…” and angrier “The hell with it!”
Stooge does not know what condition participant is in

Question 17

Explain the self-report used

Answer 17

(all on a 4 point scale from 0)
Physiological self-report:
>Any palpitations?
>An tremors, shaking of arms or legs?
Anger:
>How irritated, angry or annoyed do you feel at present
Euphoria:
>How happy or good do you...?

Question 18

How many groups were there and what were they (S&S)

Answer 18

Anger INF
Anger IGN
Anger Placebo
Euphoria INF
Euphoria IGN
Euphoria MIS INF
Euphoria Placebo
INF: Told the symptoms of adrenaline "hand shaking, heart pounding"
IGN: Not told anything "no symptoms"
MIS: "feet will feel numb, itching sensations, slight headache"

Question 19

Schatcher and Singer, 3 Hypothesis

Answer 19

1. If physiological arousal is experienced with no explanation, people will label it in terms of avaiable cognitions.
2. If appropriate explanations to physical arousal exist, cognitive labelling of emotion will not occur
3. Even if a situation may evoke an emotion, people are unlikely to experience emotion if not physically aroused.

Question 20

Results of Schatcher and Singer

NOT standardized observation

Answer 20

The difference in arousals are significant at the 0.001 level, meaning that epinephrine conditions were physically aroused.
Euphoria Placebos had a -3.3 “change in pulse”, Euph. Epi Mis had 3.1
//
Happiest self-reports were from EPI MIS, then EPI IGN
//
Angriest self reports were from EPI IGN.

Question 21

S&S Standardized observation

Answer 21

Through one way mirror, two observers with 88% agree rate.
EUPHORIA:
Joins in activity, starts new activity, ignores, watches.
ANGER:
Agrees +2, disagrees -2, neutral 0, initiates new agreement/disagreement +2/-2., ignores -1.

Question 22

Results of Standardized observation S&S

Answer 22

Epi Mis is highest with 22.56 acts of Euphoria

Epi Ign is highest with 2.28 acts of Anger