Core Science - C1.2 - Materials from the Earth

Question 1

Limestone is a sedimentary rock.
Explain how fossils are formed in limestone.
(3)

Answer 1

An explanation linking three of the
following points
• dead animals / plants (1)
• (dead animals / plants)
become covered in sediment
(1)
• are {squashed / crushed /
compacted / pressured} (as
layers of sediment build up on
top of one another) (1)
• long time period (1)
• fossils are caused by skeletons
/bones / shells / remains (1)

Question 2

Marble is also a form of calcium carbonate.
It is a metamorphic rock.
Explain how marble is formed from limestone.
(2)

Answer 2

An explanation linking the following
points
(limestone is subject to)
• heat(1)
• and pressure (1)
(from the surrounding earth)

Question 3

Describe what you would see when water is added drop by drop to a sample of cold
calcium oxide.
(2)

Answer 3

A description to include two of the
following points
• bubbles / fizzes (1)
• steam (1)
• solid swells (1)
• (solid) crumbles / breaks up
(1)
• white powder (1)
• (some) of the solid disappears
(1)
• water goes cloudy / milky (1)

Question 4

Large quantities of limestone are extracted from quarries.
Give an advantage and a disadvantage, to local communities, of a nearby limestone
quarry.
(2)

Answer 4

advantage
(brings in) money / employment (1)
disadvantage
dust / noise pollution /extra traffic
/destroys (wildlife) habitat /damages
landscape /damages natural beauty
/ less tourists (1)

Question 5

Limestone is a natural form of calcium carbonate.
Limewater is calcium hydroxide solution.
Describe how limewater can be made from calcium carbonate.
(3)

Answer 5

A description linking three of the
following
• heat/thermally decompose
(calcium carbonate)(1)
• to form calcium oxide (1)
• {react (calcium oxide) with /
add} water (1)
• to form (solid) calcium
hydroxide (1)
• add (more) water / dissolve
(calcium hydroxide) in water
(1)
• filter (1)

Question 6

Limestone is a sedimentary rock.
The limestone was originally formed beneath the sea and
then earth movements forced the rock upwards to form the cliff.
Describe how the limestone was originally formed and has become the cliff face
(6)

Answer 6

A description to include some of the following points:
• formed from sediments / shells
• sediments fall to the bottom of the sea
• layers of sediment build up on top of one another
• over (very) long time period
• rock formed / compaction
• (caused by)pressure (from the layers above and minerals)
• (cause) the sediment to ‘stick together’
• (to form)layers
• rock movement/change in sea level
• (more recently) rock has been weathered / eroded (by sea)
• because it is a soft rock

Question 7

A lump of calcium carbonate is heated to convert it into calcium oxide in step A.
Explain why the mass of calcium oxide formed is less than the original mass of
calcium carbonate.
(2)

Answer 7

An explanation including two of the
following points
• (calcium carbonate) decomposes /
breaks down (1)
• carbon dioxide / CO2 (1)
• {gas/carbon and two oxygen
atoms} {escapes /is lost
/given off /released /
removed /produced/made}
(1)

Question 8

Even though limestone is an important raw material in the chemical industry,
many people are against plans to open new limestone quarries.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages, to the local community and its
surroundings, of opening a new limestone quarry.
(6)

Answer 8

Advantages
• quarrying creates new jobs
• benefits the local economy/community
• limestone is useful as a building material / neutralising acid
soils / removing acid gases from power station chimneys
/making iron etc
• {calcium oxide / lime or calcium hydroxide / slaked lime}
can be made from it and used to neutralise acid soils
• limestone can be made into other useful substances eg
cement / concrete / glass
• educational visits
Do not allow just ‘limestone is a raw material for the
chemical industry’ as this is in the question
Disadvantages
• quarrying scars the landscape/is an eyesore/ruins the
view/is ugly
• quarrying takes a lot of land
• quarrying destroys the habitats of birds / animals
• quarrying is noisy
• quarrying creates dust
• the dust can cause health problems (asthma/breathing
difficulties)
• there will be extra traffic / lorries on local roads
• house prices will be reduced
• less tourism

Question 9

Describe an experiment in which copper carbonate is heated and the gas
evolved is tested to show that the gas is carbon dioxide.
(3)

Answer 9

an explanation linking three of
the following
• (heat copper carbonate) in
suitable container (which
allows gas to be tested)
(1)
• suitable method of
passing/collecting the gas
e.g. bubble gas into / use
of a delivery tube / collect
gas in test tube (1)
• limewater (1)
• white (ppt)/ cloudy /
milky(1)

Question 10

Limestone is a sedimentary rock.
(a) Explain how sedimentary rocks are formed.
(2)

Answer 10

An explanation linking two of
layers / deposits of (1)
sediment/sand/rock/dead
(sea) creatures (1)
(sediment is )
{squashed/crushed/compacted
/ pressurised} (1)
over (a long period of) time
(1)

Question 11

Limestone contains calcium carbonate.
Farmers spread powdered limestone on their fields.
State why limestone is spread on fields.
(1)

Answer 11

{neutralise / react / remove}
acid
/ soil is acidic

Question 12

Marble can be formed from limestone.
Marble is a metamorphic rock.
Describe the conditions needed for limestone to change into marble.
(2)

Answer 12

A description including
heat / high temperature (1)
(high) pressure / compressed (1)