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CHEMISTRY > CORE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

CORE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Flashcards

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1
Q

Nomenclature

A

set of rules outlining how organic compounds should be named and their formula

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2
Q

the 10 prefixes and the alkane example

A

1.meth- (methane)
2.Eth-(ethane)

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3
Q

alkane suffix

A

-ane

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4
Q

alkene suffix

A

-ene

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5
Q

alcohol suffix

A

-ol

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6
Q

carboxylic acid suffix

A

-oic acid

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7
Q

ketone suffix

A

-one

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8
Q

aldehyde suffic

A

-al

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9
Q

ester suffix

A

-oate

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10
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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11
Q

Halogen functional group prefix

A

-fluorine-fluoro
chlorine-chloro
Bromine-Bromo
iodine-iodo

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12
Q

side chains that are branched are

A

represented by a prefix(methy,Ethyl)

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13
Q

General IUPAC rules (4)

A
  1. functional groups and side chains are given with the corresponding number
    2.numbers are separated by commas
  2. numbers and words separated by hyphens
  3. go in alphabetical order for functional groups
  4. when counting carbpns go on either the left or right side making sure you have the smallest number as possible
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14
Q

saturated meaning

A

a hydrocarbon containing single bonds . fully saturated with hydrogens. (methane )

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15
Q

Unsaturated meaning

A

a hydrocarbon containing carbon to carbon multiple bonds (propene,but-2-ene)

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16
Q

general formula

A

simplest algebraic formula of the homologous series

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17
Q

Displayed formula meaning

A

relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

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18
Q

skeletal formula

A

simplified organic formula of just a carbon skeleton or functional group. the corners count for carbons

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19
Q

cyclic compound/benzene ring

A

a compound with one or more series of atoms in an elemnt in a ring

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20
Q

Homologous series meaning

A

a series of roganic compounds witty the same functional group . all members follow a general formula

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21
Q

functional group is

A

responsible for the charactersitics and reactions of a compound .they differ by CH2

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22
Q

Aliphatic

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched(straight,branched or non-aromatic rings

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23
Q

Aromatic

A

an organic copound conaining a benzene ring . contains delocalised electrons .

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24
Q

Alicyclic

A

aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings

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25
Q

alkanes

A

single carbon to carbon bonds

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26
Q

alkenes

A

double carbon to carbon bonds

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27
Q

alkynes

A

contains triple carbon to carbon bonds

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28
Q

Alcohol structure

A

-OH functional group

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29
Q

Haloalkanes structure

A

-halogen and alkane bonded with one another
-Cl -Br -i -F

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30
Q

Aldehyde structure

A

-CHO

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31
Q

Ketone

A

-C(CO)C

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32
Q

Carboxylic acid structure

A

-COOH

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33
Q

Ester structure

A

-COOC-

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34
Q

Acyl chloride

A

-COCL

35
Q

Amine structure

A

-NH2

36
Q

Nitrite structure

A

-CN

37
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

38
Q

The three types of structural isomers

A
  1. Chain isomers
  2. Position isomers
    3.functional group isomers
39
Q

Chain isomers

A

Have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms

40
Q

position isomers

A

Have the same functional group in a different position . Propan-1-ol and proan-2-ol

41
Q

Functional group isomers

A

Have the same molecular formula but the molecules have a different functional group . Hexene and cyclohexane

42
Q

Reaction mechanisms

A

Are a series of steps that represent the overall reaction by showing the breaking and forming of bonds

43
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

A covalent bond breaks one bonding atom and receives the pair of electrons from a bonding pair leads to the formation of a positive and negative ion . Unequal .

44
Q

Homolytic fission

A

When a covalent bond breaks each bonding atom receives one electron forming two radicals . It is equal splitting of electron pair

45
Q

Radicals

A

Unstable molecules ions or atoms with unpaired electrons . Key condition=UV light

46
Q

Addition reactions

A

Start with two reactants and end up with 1 product .

47
Q

Substitution reactions

A

One functional group is replaced by a different functional group

48
Q

Polymerisation reaction

A

A reaction in which many small molecules of repeating units to form a polymer

49
Q

Elimination reaction

A

A small molecule is removed from a larger molecule . Start with 1 end up with 2

50
Q

Alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbons containing single carbon=Caron bonds

51
Q

Sigma bonds

A

Are the single bonds held in alkanes

52
Q

Each carbon atom in an alkane

A

Is surrounded by 4 electron pairs in four sigma bonds

53
Q

All alkanes are a type of shape …

A

Tetrahedral . 109.5’

54
Q

Cycloalkanes contain the general formula

A

CnH2n

55
Q

Less branched gives

A

More surface contact

56
Q

The larger the molecule the more

A

London forces and the ore energy is needed to overcome these London forces

57
Q

Alkanes must be separated by

A

Fractional distillation

58
Q

Steps of fractional distillation

A
  1. Mixture of hydrocarbons is vaporised
    2.the vapours rise.cool and condense at different boiling points
  2. Column is hotter at the bottom than at the top
59
Q

Short chain hydrocarbons rise to

A

The top as they have lower boiling points

60
Q

London forces in organic chains are affected by

A

Chain length and branching

61
Q

Branching of alkane chains gives

A

Weaker London forces as they are less compact

62
Q

Higher boiling point gives stronger

A

Intermolecular forces

63
Q

An increase in chain length gives

A

An increase in surface contact and therefore an increase in London forces

64
Q

Alkanes do not react with common reagents due to

A

-Strong sigma bonds betwee C-C And C-H
-C-C bonds are non polar

65
Q

Complete combustion of alkanes

A

plentiful supply of oxygen

66
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Forms carbon monoxide which is dangerous as it bids to haemoglobin in our blood

67
Q

Free radical substitution involves 3 steps

A
  1. Initiation
    2.propagation
  2. Termination
68
Q

Free radical substitution is caused by

A

Homocysteine fission as two free radicals are formed

69
Q
  1. Initiation stage
A

Radicals are produced by using visible ignition or uv light . Bond breaks equally producing two radicals .

70
Q
  1. Propagation stage
A

1.Halogen radical reacts with alkane molecule to make an alkyl radical
2.alkyl radical reacts with halogen to form . Possibly chloromethane and CL* radical 3. The halogen can now start its chain reaction . Product must correlate with the reactant .

71
Q
  1. Termination
A

Propagation may stop when 2 radicals collide . When two radicals collide the radicals are removed stopping the reaction all stable

72
Q

Freee radical

A

A reactive species which has unpaired electrons

73
Q

Limitations of radical substitution

A

-we get multiple substitution I’d,tri,tetra
-these all need to be separated
-to stop all this substitution we need to add an excess of alkanes

74
Q

Alkenes

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons part if a homologous series with the general formula cnH2n

75
Q

Pi-bonds

A

Sideways overlap of p orbitals from each carbon atom

76
Q

Sigma bonds

A

Overlap of orbitals directly between bonding atoms

77
Q

What is the shape of Alkenes and explain this

A

Trigonal planar due to
-there are three regions of high electron density around each carbon atom
-the three regions repel each other meaning bond angle is 120.

78
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement in space .

79
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

A type of stereoisomerism that is restricted by rotation around a double bond

80
Q

Cis-trans isomerism

A

A type of E/Z isomerism in which two f the same groups are attached to the same carbon

81
Q

CIP rules

A

Rules that are used to decide whether a Hydrocarbon is E or Z

82
Q

steps to CIP rules

A
  1. Number the carbons it’s double bonds
  2. Calculate the highest atomic number of the first lemon directly bonded . HIGHEST ATOMIC NUMBER = HIGHEST PRIORITY
83
Q

E means

A

Different groups .EOPPISITE

84
Q

Z means

A

The same . ZAME

CHEMISTRY (9 decks)

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