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Burnley politics 2 > Core Ideologies - Liberalism Key Thinkers > Flashcards

Core Ideologies - Liberalism Key Thinkers Flashcards

1
Q

The five key liberal thinkers are…

A

John Locke
Mary Wollstonecraft
John Stuart Mill
Betty Friedan
John Rawls

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2
Q

The classical liberal key thinkers are…

A

Locke
Wollstonecraft
Mill

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3
Q

The Modern liberal key thinkers are…

A

Friedan
Rawls

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4
Q

Which key thinker is seen by some as a bridge between classical and modern liberalism?

A

Mill

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5
Q

John Locke’s (1632 -1704) most important work was…

A

Two Treaties of Government (1690)

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6
Q

In Two Treaties of Government Locke argued that…

A

Both rulers and people must be subject to the rule of law

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7
Q

Locke was a supporter of which constitutional settlement?

A

The Glorious Revolution (1688)

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8
Q

The Glorious Revolution forms the basis of…

A

The constitutional monarchy

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9
Q

According to Locke the government must be…

A

Limited and based on consent from below

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10
Q

Locke based his philosophy on…

A

The doctrine of natural rights and natural laws

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11
Q

For Locke, society,state and government based on…

A

A voluntary agreement (Social Contract)

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12
Q

For Locke, men should accept the authority of the government as long as…

A

it fulfils its side of the contract

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13
Q

According to Locke, what could people do if the government breaks its contract

A

Resist the government and overthrow it if needed

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14
Q

Who introduced the idea of the separation of powers?

A

John Locke

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15
Q

For Locke, men had natural rights to…

A

Life, liberty and property

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16
Q

Locke thought that the main reason men put themselves under the government was…

A

The preservation of their property.

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17
Q

Locke’s belief on the right to own property was based on…

A

‘Labour mixing’ - land is useless until we work on it. Working on it means people can claim it.

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18
Q

What were Locke’s views on the relationship between government and religion?

A

Governments should exercise tolerance in religious and private matters

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19
Q

Locke’s writings are based on reason. The idea that…

A

No rational individual would accept a form of government with unlimited power.

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20
Q

Locke’s view on women and atheism?

A

His view on women is unclear and his tolerance did not extent to atheism.

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21
Q

Not a key thinker, but the father of Utilitarianism…

A

Jeremy Bentham

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22
Q

Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that…

A

advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that foster unhappiness or pain

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23
Q

Bentham’s theory is known as…

A

Direct utilitarianism

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24
Q

Who built on Bentham’s work with a theory known as indirect utilitarianism?

A

John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)

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25
Q

Bentham wrote that…

A

‘It is the greatest happiness for the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong’

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26
Q

John Stuart Mill differentiated between higher and lower what?

A

Pleasures. Higher = mental, moral and aesthetic. Lower = sensational

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27
Q

In a book titled ‘On Liberty’ (1859) Mill outlined what principle?

A

The Harm Principle

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28
Q

The Harm Principle is that…

A

The only purpose in which power can be used over an individual in society is to prevent harm to others

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29
Q

The Harm Principle showed that Mill was a great believer in…

A

Individual freedom

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30
Q

For Mill the way to maximise utility is to…

A

Create a set of laws based on the harm principle

31
Q

The Harm Principle means that Mill recognised that…

A

With Bentham’s utilitarianism greatest happiness could be achieved by infringing an individuals rights

32
Q

Mill believed in…

A

Limited government
Free speech and expression
Social and economic justice
Individuality and diversity
Education and self improvement
Women’s rights
Representative democracy

33
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 -1797) studied the new liberal ideas of rights, liberty and reason and wondered…

A

Why these ideas were thought to belong to men only

34
Q

Wollstonecraft is seen as a key figure in the…

A

Development of universal rights

35
Q

Wollstonecraft was writing at a time when…

A

Women were seen as the property of their father or husband and had no legal rights

36
Q

Wollstonecraft wrote around the time of…

A

The French Revolution

37
Q

In ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Women’ (1792) Wollstonecraft argued that…

A

Legal and formal rights (education, employment, political participation) should apply to men and women

38
Q

Wollstonecraft emphasised the importance of…

A

Individual reason, believing it was the key to a just and enlightened society that both men and women could contribute to

39
Q

Like some later feminists Wollstonecraft emphasised the importance of…

A

motherhood

40
Q

Wollstonecraft wrote that…‘I do not wish (women) to have power over men…

A

but over themselves’

41
Q

Wollstonecraft believed in what kind of government?

A

A rational and accountable government which promotes the welfare of all individuals

42
Q

Wollstonecraft thought society should be…

A

governed by reason and principles of justice. She championed social reforms, including better working conditions and the abolition of slavery.

43
Q

Feminism…

A

an advocacy of the rights of women based on the equality of the sexes

44
Q

Patriarchy…

A

A system of government or society dominated by men and run in the interests of men.

45
Q

Essentialism…

A

The belief that biological factors are important in explaining the different character and behaviour of men and women

46
Q

Betty Friedan (1921 - 2006) was a leading figure in which wave of feminism?

A

Second

47
Q

The second wave of feminism aimed to…

A

Eradicate discrimination against women and end traditional gender roles.

48
Q

The feminist slogan which rejected the view that there are two spheres of life - the public and the private

A

The Personal is Political

49
Q

Feminists believe power structure relationships exist…

A

Both in government and at home.

50
Q

The book Friedan wrote in 1963…

A

The Feminine Mystique

51
Q

Friedan argued that women felt trapped in…

A

Domestic life and needed to enter the public sphere of work, politics and education

52
Q

The Feminine Mystique argued that…

A

Women had sacrificed their desires (and positive freedom) in favour of family life

53
Q

According to Friedan women sacrificed their desires due to…

A

Societal pressure and expectations…which went against core liberal values.

54
Q

Another key liberal trait in Friedan was her…

A

Commitment to reform through legislation.

55
Q

Friedan set up which organisation in 1966?

A

the National Organisation for Women (NOW)

56
Q

Friedan campaigned for…

A

Legal and abortion rights

57
Q

In The Second Stage (1981) Friedan criticised…

A

Feminists who she thought were too radical and alienated women who wanted a family based life.

58
Q

Liberal feminism (Friedan) emphasises?

A

Individual freedom, choice and equality of opportunity

59
Q

Meritocracy…

A

A society based on the premise that success is based on ability and hard work

60
Q

Mechanistic Theory

A

The idea that the state was created by man to serve the people and act in their interests.

61
Q

Veil of Ignorance…

A

A hypothetical state, advanced by John Rawls in which decisions on social justice would be made fairly as if a person would not know their position in future society.

62
Q

Original Position…

A

The name of the position behind the veil of ignorance.

63
Q

Rawls had a famous rivalry with his colleague…

A

Robert Nozick

64
Q

John Rawls (1921-2002) was…

A

A professor of philosophy at Harvard

65
Q

Rawls was heavily influenced by…

A

His experiences of WW2 and the civil rights movement

66
Q

Rawls was heavily critical of…

A

The Vietnam war because it discriminated against black and poor Americans.

67
Q

The Vietnam war…

A

Impelled Rawls to analyze the defects in the American political system

68
Q

Rawls’ magnum opus is called…

A

A Theory of Justice (1971)

69
Q

Rawls advocated a…

A

political philosophy known as “justice as fairness” which aimed to create a just and equitable society

70
Q

Rawls emphasised the importance of…

A

maximising the well being of the least advantaged members of society - The difference principle.

71
Q

The difference principle promotes equality by…

A

Allowing inequalities only if they benefit the most vulnerable in society.

72
Q

Rawls rejected utilitarianism and focused on…

A

Individual rights and freedoms

73
Q

Rawls’ “first principle”

A

Each person has the right to equal basic liberties within the context of the same rights for everyone.

74
Q

Rawls’ “second principle” - Social and economic injustices are justified if they…

A

1.They are to the benefit of the least advantaged members of society
2.They are applied to positions under fair equality of opportunity

Burnley politics 2 (21 decks)

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