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Biology > Core Concept: Chemical elements are joined together to form biological compounds > Flashcards

Core Concept: Chemical elements are joined together to form biological compounds Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What gives water its properties

A

its a polar molecule which allows hydrogen bonds between molecules

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2
Q

Properties of water and their function

five points

A

solvent - Can dissolve polar substances

is a metabolite - Water is a reactant in photosynthesis and hydrolysis, produced in aerobic respiration and condensation.

high specific heat capacity - means aquatic enviroments are stable and not susceptible to high temperature changes

high latent heat of vaporisation -allows evapoouration for cooling

high surface tention - support small light organisms on its surface

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3
Q

General formula of amino acids

A

NH2CH(R)COOH

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4
Q

How many amino acids are there and What makes each amino acid different

A

20 the varable group (R) is different

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5
Q

What is 2 amino acids linked together called

A

dipeptide

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6
Q

What bonds hold amino acids together

A

peptide bonds

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7
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

multiple amino acids joined together to form a long chain

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8
Q

Primary structure of proteins and bonds

A

polypeptide sequence
peptide bonds

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9
Q

Secondary structure of proteins and bonds

A

alpha helicas and beta pleated sheets
peptide and hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Tertiary structure of proteins and bonds

A

the attraction of the R groups causes a tertiary structure which is either globular or fibrous
peptide, hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bonds and hydrophobic interactions

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11
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

when more than one polypeptide chain in the protein eg Haemoglobin

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12
Q

Describe Fibrous proteins
provide an example

A

structural function and have long thin molecules and are insoluble they are parallel chains or sheets with many cross links making them strong, tough and stable
collegen

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13
Q

Describe globular proteins
provide an example

A

metabollic function compact and spherical shape they are soluble and function as enzymes and hormones
enzymes

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14
Q

Name the Test for proteins

A

buiret test

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15
Q

Describe the test for proteins and state any observations

A

buiret reagent is added
solution turns blue to purple if present

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16
Q

Define organic

A

containing a high Proportion of carbon atoms

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17
Q

Define monosaccharide
And its general formula

A

an individual sugar molecule they are the building block for comlex carbohydrates
(CH2O)n

18
Q

Define triose, pentose and hexose
And an example of each

A

Triose has 3 carbons - triose phosphate
pentose has 5 carbons - ribose
hexose has 6 carbons - glucose

19
Q

Functions of monosaccharides

four

A

source of energy
monomer in polypeptides
constituent in nucleic acids and ATP
Intermediate in respiration and photosynthesis

20
Q

Define Disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction to form a glycosidic bond

21
Q

Name three disaccharides, their biological role and their monosaccharide constituents

A

maltose- glucose and glucose - in germinating seeds
sucrose - fructose and glucose - transport in the phloem of plants
lactose - galactose and glucose - in mammalian milk

22
Q

Define Polysaccharides

A

multiple monosaccahride monomers joined by glycosidic bonds to form a long chain carbohydrate

23
Q

Name four polysaccharides

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen
chitin

24
Q

describe the function, structure and bonds of Starch
name its monomers

A

used in plants as energy storage as it is insoluble compact and stored in a small place and can be hydrolysed to release high ammounts of energy in its C-H and C-C bonds.
startch contains amylose and amylopectin
amylose is unbranched snd has a alpha helicas stucture with 1,4-glycosidic bonds
amylopectin which is a highly branched straight chain molecule
that has 1,4-glycosidic bonds and 1,6-glycosidic bonds causing the branching (means more quickly hydrolysed)

25
Q

describe the function, structure and bonds of glycogen
name its monomers

A

used as energy storage in animals as its hydrolysed quickly and is able to be compact and have a high energy stored in the many C-C and C-H bonds
they have shorter 1,4-glycosidic bonds than amylopectin and so are more branched with and 1,6-glycosidc bonds

26
Q

describe the function, structure and bonds of cellulose
name its monomers

A

monomers are b-glucose
used in cell walls of plants
each b gllucose is rotated 180 degrees to allow the formationof hydrogen bonds between layers (cross linked)1,4 glycosidic bonds only

27
Q

describe the function, structure and bonds of chitin
name its monomers

A

b-glucose
in exoskeletons of insects and in fungal cell walls
some OH groups replaced with acetylamine glucose rotatated 180 degrees between bonds so H bonds enable cross linkage between chains chitin is strong, waterproof and lightweight
1,4-glycosidic bonds only

28
Q

Describe the Test for starch

A

iodine is added
solution turns from brown/orange to it blue/black

29
Q

Describe the Test for reducing sugar

A

heat with benedicts reagent
goes from blue to green to orange to brick red depending on concentration

30
Q

Define inorganic

A

molecule or ion contining no more than one carbon atom

31
Q

Function of Mg2+,Fe2+,PO(4)3- and Ca2+

A

Mg2+ - component in chlorophyll
Fe2+ - component in haemoglobin
PO(4)3- - component in phospholipids and nucleic acids
Ca2+ - component in bones and teeth

32
Q

Describe the components bonds and formation of Triglycerides

A

glycerol and three fatty acid tail
condensation reaction forming ester bonds between each fatty acid tail and the glycerol

33
Q

Describe the components, formation and properties of a phospholipid

A

glycerol, phospahte group and 2 fatty acid tails
hydrophillic phosphate head
hydrophobic fatty acid tails

34
Q

Define saturated ( fat or oil)

A

containing no C=C bonds only C-C
fat (solid)

35
Q

Define unsaturated ( fat or oil)

A

containing one (monounsaturated) or two or more (polyunsaturated) C=C bonds (Oil)

36
Q

Roles of phospholipids
and Structure

2 points

A

component in cell membranes
electrical insulation in the myelin sheath
have a polar hydrophillic phosphate head and two non polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails

37
Q

Roles of triglycerides

4 points

A

thermal insulation
protection
metabolic water
energy storage

38
Q

Roles of waxes

A

waterproofing

39
Q

Test for lipids (fats and oils)

A

Emulsion test
add ethanol and water
shake and emulsion appears (cloudy white)

40
Q

Describe complications of a poor high density saturated fat diet

A

Atherosclerosis and heart failure

41
Q

What are LDL

A

low density lipoproteins
cause build up of solid fats (Atheroma) in arteries
made after digestion
saturated lipid+proteins

42
Q

What are HDL

A

high density lipoproteins
carry LDLs away to the liver for disposal
made after digestion
unsaturated lipid+proteins

Biology (27 decks)

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