C2: application of reproduction and genetics

Question 1

Describe the differences in the sequencing used for HGP and the 100k GP

Answer 1

The Human Genome Project used ‘Sanger Sequencing’ which sequences relatively small sections of
DNA at a time so it is slow and this process took a long time.

100k used Next Generation
Sequencing which is much faster takes a few hours

Question 2

Ethical issues of embryo screening

Answer 2

Ownership of genetic information

missuse if data by insurance companies

social stigmatisation

concern about choosing alleles to ensure specific characteristics

Question 3

how has genome sequencing been used on other organisms for benefits

Answer 3

can help Insecticide resisitant mosquitos be susceptible to insecticides again due to the development of more effective drugs

Question 4

use of DNA profiling in society

Answer 4

paternity tests

twin tests

sibling tests

immigration

forensic use

phylogenetic studies/ classification

Question 5

pros of DNA profiling

Answer 5

non invasive samples

can be used for small samples

can exonerate falsly accussed

Question 6

cons of DNA profiling

Answer 6

maybe. an invation to privacy

data bases can be hacked

not 100% accurate

missuse of data by insurance comapnies

Question 7

what is the use of PCR -

Answer 7

allows the quantity of DNA to be amplified for analysis

Question 8

What is the use of gel electrophroesis

Answer 8

Can be used after PCR in the analysis of the DNA by producing a DNA profile

Question 9

describe the process of PCR

Answer 9

Add Taq polymerase, free nucleotides, primers and the DNA being amplified into a buffer solution

Heat DNA to 95C seperating the two strands

The sample is then cooled to 55C to allow the complementary primers to anneal to the complemantary DNA strands

Heat to 70C which allows thermally stable taq polymerase to add complimentary nucleotides by forming phosphodiester bonds

the cycle is repeated and after 40 repeats a billion copies have been made

Question 10

describe the process of PCR

Answer 10

Add Taq polymerase, free nucleotides, primers and the DNA being amplified into a buffer solution

Heat DNA to 95C seperating the two strands

The sample is then cooled to 55C to allow the complementary primers to anneal to the complemantary DNA strands

Heat to 70C which allows thermally stable taq polymerase to add complimentary nucleotides by forming phosphodiester bonds

the cycle is repeated and after 40 repeats a billion copies have been made