(Core 2) Disparities in Wealth and Development Case Studies Flashcards
LEDCs trapped in Trade System
Nigeria
- 90% exports oil
Ghana
- 40% exports Gold and 30% cocoa
- Fish lack size consistency
- Can’t compete with USA maize production
- Can’t meet EU size requirements = fertiliser use
Global Disparities: Environmental
Afghanistan (Drought)
- 1.9mn at risk
- 4 hour walk to water
- Increasing Violence
- Farmers lost 80-100% crops
- 50 children died this year from malnutrition (clinic a day’s walk away)
Global Disparities: Disease
Malaria
- loss of worker productivity
- Africa: 25% under 5’s infected every year
- Africa: 1mn die a year
- 20mn Indians infected
- insecticides used (DDT now banned)
- Tablets too expensive and no cure
Global Disparities: Government Corruption
Democratic Republic of Congo
- Thousands displaced
- reliant on aid
- Humanitarian crisis
- 6mn died in war (fighting, disease and malnutrition) - 5 year conflict
Global Disparities: Debt AND Debt Cancellation
Uganda - debts 17.4% GDP - HIV/AIDs 77,000 deaths 2007 - life expectancy 52.72 years - no progress - Infant Mortality 64.82/1000 (Debt Cancellation:) - Primary School enrolment 62 to 93% - 2.2mn gained access to clean water - 7% increase economic growth - Spending on public services rose 20%
Global Disparities: Geographical Location
Haiti
- 7.0 earthquake 2010
- 3mn impacted by crowded, poor city conditions
- 170,000 died (thousands more in rubble)
- 20,000 commercial buildings and 225,000 residences collapsed or damaged
Disparities within a Country
Papua New Guinea
- subsistence farmers forced to work on plantations
- 26% M and 18% F in secondary school (rural areas - higher urban)
- land controlled by TNCs
- GDP per capital unreliable: indigenous (Dani’s) vs. Australian expatriates
NICs Examples
China - over 140mn left countryside - 8.5mn move to cities a year - open door policy India - Computer and telecommunications outsourced - equipment 20% European prices
Disparities within a Country: Residence
Mumbai
- Hyper-urbanisation and population growth
- Crime
- Rich and education get the good land
- Squatter Settlement: Dhavari - uneducated migrants, 600,000 in 2km squ, overcrowding, tens of thousands arrive a year
Disparities within a Country: Ethnicity
Dalits, Bangalore
- low caste Hindus (not of human value)
- India’s silicon valley - technology
- night soil workers clear toilet pits (no sewage systems): 10 - 15,000 employed, only job, $6-10 a night, abolished by law but not in reality
Oil Boom
Qatar (oil and gas profits)
- $15bn city with free education and healthcare
- 15% global share of gas
- Education city with 6 new unis
NIC
South Korea
- Densely populated but few natural resources: 20-50mn 1950-2005 (BR and DR decrease, TNC jobs, improved healthcare)
- Vehicle Industry: 5th largest global producer, Hyundai (own TNC)
- Electronics Industry: $16bn exports 2003, Samsung, Semi-conductors 10% 2003 export
- Economic growth: USA aid, strong Gov and tariffs
Millennium Development Goals: Poverty
Bangladesh
- 2.3mn people improved living standards
- Education grants = 14,000 high-school girls stay in school
- 250,000 benefitted from social development activities
Millennium Development Goals: Education
Nigeria
- over 10.5mn children out of school (can’t afford)
- Koranic schools don’t teach basic skills
So…
- Local mothers association help children stay in school
- Girls Education Project (UK fund): female teachers, core subjects, 1mn girls in school by 2020
Millennium Development Goals: Health
Zimbabwe
- Poor economy = high HIV in girls (2x higher women age 15-24 than male)
- 6th highest no. AIDs related deaths globally
So…
- Gov. and civil society efforts cause drop in HIV in girls
- Mbare city Health clinic: treatment programmes and helps rape victims
Fair Trade
People Tree
- Works with 50 fair trade groups in 15 countries
- textiles company: bring benefits to every stage of production to alleviate poverty
- organic cotton, natural dyes, local products, recycle, no pollution
EPZs / Free Trade Zones
Incheon Free Economic Zone, South Korea
- near capital = work force
- 200km squ, completion 2020
- Intermediary between Chinese and Japanese markets
- 32% world population within 3.5 hour flight time
- attract investment (tax breaks)
- 510,000 to live there and $21bn to build
- Expensive foreign schools worsens gap
Protectionism in Trade of Food: Vietnam
Vietnamese Catfish
- USA catfish worth $600mn a year = threatened by Vietnam = tariffs and law of only US catfish sold as catfish
Protectionism in Trade of Food: Haiti
Haitian Rice
- Gov. opened markets = flooded by US rice = 20% population rely on rice hit = migration and 50% children malnourished and children out of school (can’t afford)
Protectionism in Trade of Food: Ghana
Ghanaian Tomato
- Competition of Europe canned tomatoes = can’t compete without canning industry (can’t afford this industry) (imports 10,000 tonnes processed from EU a year)
Protectionism in Trade of Food: Kenya
Kenyan Sugar Cane
- Opened markets = can’t compete with cheaper imported (lost 16,000 jobs and 20,000 in packaging and transport, factories closed, industry paid for services lost)
Protectionism in Trade of Food: Guatemala
Guatemalan Coffee
- Coffee price fall as too much in circulation = farmers abandon land, job loss and poverty
- Solution high quality coffee but market limited e.g. coffee processing dominated
Debt Relief
Guyana
- IMF made sell natural resources to cover debt: hinders future wealth
- under 250 doctors
- 45% earnings to pay debt
- 15% public expenditure on education, health and welfare
Remittances
Africa - 2010: £34bn (ODA £28bn) India - 2012: £47bn - Remittances over 3x aid - 200mn live and work outside country
Bottom-Up Aid (NGO)
Oxfam in Tanzania: Youth Builders
- self-reliant and sustainable
- £6200 for tools
- local raw materials
- build complex buildings as gain skill like schools
- train one who trains others
- local jobs created
Top-Down Aid (Bilateral)
Canada Wheat Project in Tanzania
- Normads thrown off land (local farmers undermined)
- Mechanised = few jobs and expensive e.g. tyres $300-1000
- 80% wheat grown in Tanzania
- 17,000 hectares covered to wheat production
- Inappropriate: wheat not local diet as expensive
Water Aid
Tanzania
- 4 bore holes
- 1999: 6 new water points
- safe water = school attendance rose 12%
- more time to invest in business e.g. cafe 4000 shillings a day in profit (bottom-up)
- 2/3 rural population no access to safe drinking water = illness (now illness rare due to safe, clean water point installed)
