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Geography IB > (Core 2) Disparities in Wealth and Development Case Studies > Flashcards

(Core 2) Disparities in Wealth and Development Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

LEDCs trapped in Trade System

A

Nigeria
- 90% exports oil
Ghana
- 40% exports Gold and 30% cocoa
- Fish lack size consistency
- Can’t compete with USA maize production
- Can’t meet EU size requirements = fertiliser use

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2
Q

Global Disparities: Environmental

A

Afghanistan (Drought)

  • 1.9mn at risk
  • 4 hour walk to water
  • Increasing Violence
  • Farmers lost 80-100% crops
  • 50 children died this year from malnutrition (clinic a day’s walk away)
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3
Q

Global Disparities: Disease

A

Malaria

  • loss of worker productivity
  • Africa: 25% under 5’s infected every year
  • Africa: 1mn die a year
  • 20mn Indians infected
  • insecticides used (DDT now banned)
  • Tablets too expensive and no cure
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4
Q

Global Disparities: Government Corruption

A

Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Thousands displaced
  • reliant on aid
  • Humanitarian crisis
  • 6mn died in war (fighting, disease and malnutrition) - 5 year conflict
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5
Q

Global Disparities: Debt AND Debt Cancellation

A 
Uganda
- debts 17.4% GDP
- HIV/AIDs 77,000 deaths 2007
- life expectancy 52.72 years
- no progress
- Infant Mortality 64.82/1000
(Debt Cancellation:)
- Primary School enrolment 62 to 93%
- 2.2mn gained access to clean water
- 7% increase economic growth
- Spending on public services rose 20%
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6
Q

Global Disparities: Geographical Location

A

Haiti

  • 7.0 earthquake 2010
  • 3mn impacted by crowded, poor city conditions
  • 170,000 died (thousands more in rubble)
  • 20,000 commercial buildings and 225,000 residences collapsed or damaged
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7
Q

Disparities within a Country

A

Papua New Guinea

  • subsistence farmers forced to work on plantations
  • 26% M and 18% F in secondary school (rural areas - higher urban)
  • land controlled by TNCs
  • GDP per capital unreliable: indigenous (Dani’s) vs. Australian expatriates
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8
Q

NICs Examples

A 
China
- over 140mn left countryside
- 8.5mn move to cities a year
- open door policy
India
- Computer and telecommunications outsourced
- equipment 20% European prices
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9
Q

Disparities within a Country: Residence

A

Mumbai

  • Hyper-urbanisation and population growth
  • Crime
  • Rich and education get the good land
  • Squatter Settlement: Dhavari - uneducated migrants, 600,000 in 2km squ, overcrowding, tens of thousands arrive a year
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10
Q

Disparities within a Country: Ethnicity

A

Dalits, Bangalore

  • low caste Hindus (not of human value)
  • India’s silicon valley - technology
  • night soil workers clear toilet pits (no sewage systems): 10 - 15,000 employed, only job, $6-10 a night, abolished by law but not in reality
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11
Q

Oil Boom

A

Qatar (oil and gas profits)

  • $15bn city with free education and healthcare
  • 15% global share of gas
  • Education city with 6 new unis
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12
Q

NIC

A

South Korea

  • Densely populated but few natural resources: 20-50mn 1950-2005 (BR and DR decrease, TNC jobs, improved healthcare)
  • Vehicle Industry: 5th largest global producer, Hyundai (own TNC)
  • Electronics Industry: $16bn exports 2003, Samsung, Semi-conductors 10% 2003 export
  • Economic growth: USA aid, strong Gov and tariffs
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13
Q

Millennium Development Goals: Poverty

A

Bangladesh

  • 2.3mn people improved living standards
  • Education grants = 14,000 high-school girls stay in school
  • 250,000 benefitted from social development activities
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14
Q

Millennium Development Goals: Education

A

Nigeria
- over 10.5mn children out of school (can’t afford)
- Koranic schools don’t teach basic skills
So…
- Local mothers association help children stay in school
- Girls Education Project (UK fund): female teachers, core subjects, 1mn girls in school by 2020

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15
Q

Millennium Development Goals: Health

A

Zimbabwe
- Poor economy = high HIV in girls (2x higher women age 15-24 than male)
- 6th highest no. AIDs related deaths globally
So…
- Gov. and civil society efforts cause drop in HIV in girls
- Mbare city Health clinic: treatment programmes and helps rape victims

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16
Q

Fair Trade

A

People Tree

  • Works with 50 fair trade groups in 15 countries
  • textiles company: bring benefits to every stage of production to alleviate poverty
  • organic cotton, natural dyes, local products, recycle, no pollution
17
Q

EPZs / Free Trade Zones

A

Incheon Free Economic Zone, South Korea

  • near capital = work force
  • 200km squ, completion 2020
  • Intermediary between Chinese and Japanese markets
  • 32% world population within 3.5 hour flight time
  • attract investment (tax breaks)
  • 510,000 to live there and $21bn to build
  • Expensive foreign schools worsens gap
18
Q

Protectionism in Trade of Food: Vietnam

A

Vietnamese Catfish

- USA catfish worth $600mn a year = threatened by Vietnam = tariffs and law of only US catfish sold as catfish

19
Q

Protectionism in Trade of Food: Haiti

A

Haitian Rice
- Gov. opened markets = flooded by US rice = 20% population rely on rice hit = migration and 50% children malnourished and children out of school (can’t afford)

20
Q

Protectionism in Trade of Food: Ghana

A

Ghanaian Tomato
- Competition of Europe canned tomatoes = can’t compete without canning industry (can’t afford this industry) (imports 10,000 tonnes processed from EU a year)

21
Q

Protectionism in Trade of Food: Kenya

A

Kenyan Sugar Cane
- Opened markets = can’t compete with cheaper imported (lost 16,000 jobs and 20,000 in packaging and transport, factories closed, industry paid for services lost)

22
Q

Protectionism in Trade of Food: Guatemala

A

Guatemalan Coffee

  • Coffee price fall as too much in circulation = farmers abandon land, job loss and poverty
  • Solution high quality coffee but market limited e.g. coffee processing dominated
23
Q

Debt Relief

A

Guyana

  • IMF made sell natural resources to cover debt: hinders future wealth
  • under 250 doctors
  • 45% earnings to pay debt
  • 15% public expenditure on education, health and welfare
24
Q

Remittances

A 
Africa
- 2010: £34bn (ODA £28bn)
India
- 2012: £47bn
- Remittances over 3x aid
- 200mn live and work outside country
25
Q

Bottom-Up Aid (NGO)

A

Oxfam in Tanzania: Youth Builders

  • self-reliant and sustainable
  • £6200 for tools
  • local raw materials
  • build complex buildings as gain skill like schools
  • train one who trains others
  • local jobs created
26
Q

Top-Down Aid (Bilateral)

A

Canada Wheat Project in Tanzania

  • Normads thrown off land (local farmers undermined)
  • Mechanised = few jobs and expensive e.g. tyres $300-1000
  • 80% wheat grown in Tanzania
  • 17,000 hectares covered to wheat production
  • Inappropriate: wheat not local diet as expensive
27
Q

Water Aid

A

Tanzania

  • 4 bore holes
  • 1999: 6 new water points
  • safe water = school attendance rose 12%
  • more time to invest in business e.g. cafe 4000 shillings a day in profit (bottom-up)
  • 2/3 rural population no access to safe drinking water = illness (now illness rare due to safe, clean water point installed)

Geography IB (14 decks)

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