(Core 1) Population in Transition Case Studies

Question 1

Youthful Population (LEDC)

Answer 1

Uganda

• Population: 29.9 million
• One of fastest growing populations in world: 2mn 1900, 24.4mn 2002
• Fertility Rate: 7.11 (infant mortality high)
• Needs to work on poverty and maternal / infant health
• Threat on energy supplies and environmental conservation with population
• 1/5 married women access to contraception

Question 2

Elderly Population (MEDC)

Answer 2

Japan (also can use UK)

• Fertility Rate: 1.25 (lowest since records began)
• Labour Shortage (slows economic growth), reduced tax base and strained pension system = 5-year project with more day-care centres and encourage male paternity leave
• Women put off having children (social attitude)

Question 3

Gender Inequalities in Life Expectancy

Answer 3

Johannesburg, South Africa

• Death rate tripled women age 20-39, doubled men aged 30-44 (AIDS)
• 900 die a day of HIV
• 5.5mn infected with HIV
• 140,000 in treatment programs (2003 target 380,000)
• 500,000 need AIDs drugs to survive

Question 4

Agricultural Advancements (LEDCs)

Answer 4

Green Revolution

• High Yield Variety Seeds new strains
• more plants per area, less wind damage, shorter roots = fast uptake, more rice per plant
• prone to disease, hybrids, expensive, fertiliser use, increases development gap

Question 5

Food

Answer 5

Haiti Mud Cakes

• Rural-Urban Migration: Port-au-Prince slums
• Food imported (poor agriculture) - bill leap 80% this year
• 2/3 live on less than 50p a day (rising food prices tough = expensive sellers move)
• Gov lifting emergency subsidies
• Mud cakes sell 1.3p each
• Children not at school and aid agencies strained
• Localised dairy jobs growing = £20mn milk import bill cut

Question 6

Pro-Natalist

Answer 6

Germany

• 1.37 BR (political agenda)
• Family tax breaks, 14 weeks maternity and 36 months parental leave offered
• 1/5 children under 3 place in day care

Question 7

Anti-Natalist and Improving Gender Equality

Answer 7

Kerala, India

• Minimum wage introduced
• 2/3 children per family: 1.8 fertility rate
• 85% female literacy, education not free
• 64% married women use contraceptives (sterilisation and family planning)
• Life expectancy women 75years
• Vaccination programme and Primary health centres

Question 8

Anti-Natalist

Answer 8

Rajasthan, India

• Sterilisation in return for prizes like cars
• want 20,000 to be sterilised

Question 9

Anti-Natalist and it’s change // Gender Inequalities in Birth Ratios and Family Size

Answer 9

China: One Child Policy in 1979

• tested on family planning, wage increase, bonus incentives
• Sex selective abortions, 9/10 girls died in orphanages within a year, spoilt children, gender imbalance, dependency imbalance
• Relaxed then withdrawn 2015
• now 30mn men can’t find a spouse and 32mn more men under 20 than girls

Question 10

National Migration

Answer 10

Indonesia’s Transmigration

• Over-populated to under-populated outer islands: over 3mn moved (failure)
• Rainforest cleared = soil erosion
• Migrant and Indigenous friction: offered 2 hectares of land to move
• $7,000 resettlement costs
• Earrings lower than rural Java in outer islands and couldn’t make a living

Question 11

Economic Migration

Answer 11

Poland to UK (also international)

• 14% unemployed in Poland (2006)
• 15% migrants want to stay permanently
• 30% don’t know how long staying
• Poland Martial Law 1981 restrictions a push factor

Question 12

Environmental Migration

Answer 12

Sahel

• High infant Mortality, famine, desertification and resource conflict
• Host suffers strain on resources (healthcare - malnourished) and unskilled workers

Question 13

International Migration

Answer 13

Darfur, Sudan to Chad

• Darfur: deforestation, drought, famine
• 40,000 killed in conflict
• 57.7% adult literacy
• 80% work in agriculture
• Chad: 200,000 arrived since 2003, Red Cross aid, over 1/3 locals undernourished

Question 14

Refugee

Answer 14

Yugoslavia

• Ethnic conflicts = 2.3mn fled by 1992
• illegal trafficking
• 20 years later: 330,000 refugees still and 8,500 in refugee centres or poor housing when return home

Question 15

Gender Inequalities in Culture, Status and legal rights and EDUCATION

Answer 15

Malala and Swat Valley - Pakistan

• 2008 female education stopped (girls education biggest victim)
• Swat Valley top education: first boys primary school 1922
• Over 180 schools torched in Swat Valley

Question 16

Gender Inequalities in Culture and Status

Answer 16

Iceland 
- 80% women work 
- 65% uni students are female
- 19 primary and nursery schools
- parental leave legislation - 3 months paid leave and extra 3 months to share
Switzerland
- Women got vote 1971 (local 1990)
- 4/7 Federal Council women
- Women outnumbered 3:1 in parliament

Question 17

Gender Inequalities in Empowerment

Answer 17

1. Kuwaiti Women win Vote 2005
   - 2009 4/50 seats women, 2013 none
   - 1999 equal voting rights overruled by islamists - islamic law = women not leaders
2. Mobiles to Women Initiative ‘mwomen’
   - Aim to halve gender gap in 3 years
   - over 50% business owners earn more
   - 93% feel safer, 83% more independent
   - women 23% less likely to have phone in Africa
3. Saudi Arabia Driving
   - women can’t drive: religion, deprive young men of driving
   - 134/145 gender parity
   - 2011 campaign failed (photos in cars on social media to raise awareness)

Question 18

Gender Inequalities in Education

Answer 18

Yemen

• IDA: money incentives, female primary school enrolment 49 to 78%, illiteracy 90 to 45%
• Poverty and lack female teachers

Question 19

Gender Inequalities in Birth Ratio and Family Size

Answer 19

Delhi

• Sex selective abortion (now illegal and scanning too)
• Gov. campaign against sex selective abortions
• financial incentives for female births

Question 20

Gender Inequalities in Employment

Answer 20

Glass Ceiling

• men earn 14.2% more per hour
• 20% pay gap
• pregnancy discrimination
• UK 22.8% board seats women
• Norwegian Gov sets 40% board seats to be women