Core 2 Flashcards
Major bones involved in movement
- Humerus
- Clavicle
- Sternum
- Scapula
- Vertebrae (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)
- Pelvis
- Femur
- Fibia
- Fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Cranium
- Phalanges
Types of Joints
- Fibrous: Cannot move, held together by tissue
- Cartilaginous: Slightly moveable, no joint cavity
- Synovial: Freely moveable, fluid in joint cavity, held together by ligaments
Gliding Joints
Side to side, back to front, movement across smooth flat surface (carpals and metacarpals)
Hinge Joints
Suface of one bone fits into concave of another (humorous and ulna)
Pivot Joints
Rotation, one rounded or pointed end end of bone articulates with the opening of another (proximal end of radius and ulna)
Ellipsoid Joints
In 2 planes, the condyle (end of bone) fits into the ellipsoid shape of another bone (metacarpals and phalanges)
Saddle Joints
Articular surface of one bone fits onto the other bone like a rider in a saddle (Carpal and metacarpal in thumb)
Ball and Socket Joints
Rounded ball line end of one bone fits into cup shaped socket of other bone (hip and shoulder (very moveable))
Joint Actions
- Extension
- Flexion
- Rotation
- Deviation
- Depression
- Abduction
- Adductions
Major bones involved in movement
- Trapezius
- Deltoid
- Pectoralis
- Rectus abdominals
- External obliques
- Gluteus Maximus
- Latissimus dorsi
- Hamstring
- Quadriceps
- Tibial anterior
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
Agonist
Prime Mover
Antagonist
Muscle React
Stabilisers
Synergist and Fixators
Concentric
Where the muscle shortens
Eccentric
Where the muscle lengthens
Isometric
Tension that develops in the muscle but does not stretch the muscle (plank, wall sit)
Isotonic
Muscle length changes as the muscle fibres produce tension or force
Respiratory Structure
Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchiole, Alveoli
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts, air pressure decreases
Expiration
Diaphragm relaxes, air pressure decreases
Components of blood
- Plasma
- Red Blood Cells (RBC)
- White Blood Cells (WBC)
- Platelets
Function of the Heart
Pumps blood through the body
Function of the Arteries
Carries blood away from the heart to the body tissue
Function of the Veins
Carries blood from body tissue back to the heart
Function of the Capillaries
Small network of vessels which carry oxygen, co1 and nutrients
Pulmonary Circulation
Circulation of blood to and from the lungs to gain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Systemic Circulation
Circulation of blood from the heart to working muscles and organs to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Blood Pressure
Blood flows through blood vessels from areas of high to low pressure
- Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels
Types of Blood Pressure
- Systolic
- Diastolic
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
A measure of the ability of a persons lungs, heart and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the working muscles of the body; it also refers to the ability of the working muscles and other organs to utilize this oxygen. (major components of fitness for activities that require continuous movements for long periods of time, long distance running)
Muscular Strength
The ability of muscles to apply force to an object; affects persons health by enabling them to participate in life without feeling tired or fatigued (major components of fitness for group sports)
Muscular Endurance
The ability of the muscles to perform repeated contractions against a load or resistance (major components of fitness for activities such as canoeing or doings weights at the gym)
Flexibility
The range of motion around a joint and can make an important contribution to the way people feel. Stiffness and tightness in joints can limit an individuals freedom of movement and contribute to injury of bones, tendons and muscles (major components of fitness for activities as well as everyday life)
Body Composition
The human body is composed of bones, muscles, fat and other essential internal organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys and liver all of which have specific functions. Balanced levels is extremely important (genetics will affect)
Skill related components of physical fitness
- Power
- Speed
- Agility
- Coordination
- Balance
- Reaction Time
Power
The ability to exert maximum force in the shortest possible time. It is a combination of strength and speed
Speed
The muscles ability to contract quickly. This translate into fast movements of the body parts. An individuals speed is often determined by the muscle fibre they are born with. People have a combination of fast-twitch muscle fibers and slow-switch muscle fibers
Agility
The ability to change direction or body positions quickly while still maintaining balance. Power, speed, balance, coordination and even reaction time are important components of agility
Coordination
The result of the interaction between the body’s sense of perception and the central nervous systems. Movements can be practiced so that the neural pathways between the brain and body part are established and/or strengthened.
Balance
The ability of the body to maintain its equilibrium(it is lost when a person falls over or loses control of their body parts momentarily). Balance is an important component of both agility and coordination. Can be static or dynamic.
Reaction Time
The time it takes to react to an external stimulus (could be a starting gun or ball thrown at a person)
Aerobic
Training that is done over a long period of time allowing enough oxygen to be delivered to the muscles (800m run)
Anaerobic
Training that is done when insufficient oxygen is delivered to working muscles. Tends to be shorter and more intense (100m sprint)
FITT Principle
F - Frequency of training (amount of time training performed)
I - Intensity of training (How hard the athlete is working MHR)
T - Type of Training (Method used to improve fitness)
T - Time of Training (how long an individual should exercise MHR)
Heart Rate
Number of contractions that the heart makes in a set time (e.g. 60 beats per minute)
Ventilation Rate
Number of inhalations or breaths made in a set time (e.g. 60 breaths per minute)
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood pumped in any one contraction of the heart
Cardiac Output
The rate of blood pumped by the heart in a period of time (e.g. 4.8 liters per minute)
Lactate Levels
Lactic acid is a by-product made by muscles when there is insufficient oxygen available to produce aerobic energy
Linear Motion
An object of body and all of its parts move in one direction, ie. 100m sprint, 50m swim (predominately linear movements) - can be used to build momentum
Projectile Motion
Movement of an object through air, ie. long jump, shot put
Speed
Speed equals the distance covered divided by the time is took to cover the distance, M/S, ie. 100m in 9.6s = 100/9.6=10.416 m/s
Velocity
Velocity equals the displacement of the body or an object divided by the time taken to cover that distance
Acceleration
Rate at which velocity changes in a given amount of time, ie. acceleration=final velocity-initial velocity/time - important in events such as sprinting and team events when a player must escape to score
Momentum
Quantity of motion a body/object possesses, collisions/tackles in sport require momentum to gain a result, ie. momentum = mass x velocity
Center of Gravity
COG is the point where all the weight of a body/object is equally distributed around, it shifts with movement and may be outside the body due to persons weight distribution
Line of Gravity
LOG is a line that runs through the centre of gravity to the floor and runs through the BOS, if this line doesn’t run through BOS the person will become unstable
Base of Support
BOS is a region that surrounds a person/objects perimeter when it is in contact with a surface, e.g. the floor (Narrow BOS = Unstable - Large BOS = Stable)
Static Balance
Distributes the body over a BOS and is held
Active Balance
Can involve the BOS being moved whilst equilibrium is maintained
Floatation
The ability to maintain a stationary position in the surface of the water, varys from person to person - body density is a major component to the ability to float
Centre of Buoyancy
The COB is the centre if gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating object, around this point all the buoyancy forces are balanced
Applied Forces
Forces applied to surfaces or equipment, ie. running track or barbell
Reaction Forces
When a similar force opposes it from outside the body
How the body absorbs force
Through joints, which bend or flex in response to impact
