Core 1 IQ4: What actions are needed to address Australia's health priorities?

Question 1

What are the 5 action areas of the Ottawa Charter?

Answer 1

Building Healthy Public Policy
Creating supportive Environments
Strengthening Community Action
Developing personal skills
Reorienting health services

Question 2

What is meant by ‘Developing Personal Skills’ from the Ottawa Charter? (What does it mean? What is the aim? What does it involve? Who is responsible?)

Answer 2

It basically means supporting the personal and social development of the individual. It aims to educate, provide health info, and improve the decision making of the individual. It involves modifying personal behaviours to enable people to learn and develop skills about health. It is commonly facilitated in school, home, and work settings.

TO make informed health decisions for themselves AND have the capacity to be a positive influence on those around them

Question 3

What is meant by ‘Creating Supportive Environments’ from the Ottawa Charter? (What does it mean? What is the aim? What does it involve? Who is responsible?)

Answer 3

It means making the places people live, work and play in, the source of good health. It aims to organise work and social environments to make them safe and enjoyable. It involves the use of support networks and community services. It is a global responsibility that is undertaken by governments, employers and families

Question 4

What is meant by ‘Strengthening Community Action’ from the Ottawa Charter? (What does it mean? What is the aim? What does it involve? Who is responsible?)

Answer 4

It basically means giving communities the power to identify their own health and take action with other agencies to address them. The aim is for communities to establish ‘ownership’ of their health problems and attempt to fix them. It involves empowering communities to take action. The schools, state and local governments are responsible for this.

Question 5

What is meant by ‘Reorienting Health Services’ from the Ottawa Charter? (What does it mean? What is the aim? What does it involve? Who is responsible?)

Answer 5

It basically means that health services are moving away from ‘clinical and curative services’ to a more ‘preventative’ approach. The aim is to establish a holistic attitude in health professionals. It involves moving from cure to prevention in health services. Health professionals, health institutions and governments are responsible for this.

Question 6

What is meant by ‘Building Health Public Policy’ from the Ottawa Charter? (What does it mean? What is the aim? What does it involve? Who is responsible?)

Answer 6

It basically ensures that decisions are made at all levels of gov and organisations are made so they work towards health improvements. The aim is to put health on the agenda of policy makers everywhere and ensure that policies undertaken impact health positively. It involves identifying and removing obstacles to the adoption of healthy policy as well as influencing policies on health. Governments are responsible for this

Question 7

What is the Ottawa Charter?

Answer 7

The Ottawa Charter was an international agreement about health promotion. It was developed by the WHO during an international conference on health promotion in 1986 and addressed health promotion for the first time. It has 5 main areas to it.

Question 8

What is health promotion?

Answer 8

Aimed at maintaining and improving the health of all people. Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.

Question 9

What are the different levels of responsibility for promoting health?

Answer 9

All levels of government - Local, State and Commonwealth

Non-government organisations (both Aus and international)

Groups in the community and industry such as schools, workplaces, and the media

Individuals and families

Question 10

What is the role of the gov, community and individuals to ‘build healthy public policy’?

Answer 10

All levels of government are responsible for the creation and maintenance of policies that aim to improve health. Eg) the close the gap statement of intent

Community - Contribute towards the development of health policies and are involved in carrying the policies out. Eg) ATSI community involvement in the development and implementation of ‘close the gap’

Individuals -Act in accord with the policies delivered. Eg) not smoking in public areas

Question 11

What is the role of the gov, community and individuals to ‘create supportive environments for health’?

Answer 11

Gov - Responsible for the planning, implementation and management of infrastructure. Eg) location of hospitals, parks, community centres. Council approve developments, remove waste etc

Community - Help maintain healthy environments and promote healthy behaviours. Eg) clean up Australia day, fun runs, maintain parks, fields and ovals, YMCA gyms etc

Individuals - Make better health choices using and maintaining the environment. Eg) putting rubbish in the bins provided.

Question 12

What is the role of the gov, community and individuals to Strengthening community action’?

Answer 12

Gov - Engage with community groups in the creation of policies. Eg) allowing communities to provide feedback on policies before signing them

Community - Contribute to and take ownership of policies being empowered to act and implement them. Eg) Aboriginal community controlled health services

Individuals - Promote community activities that promote health, be involved in community actions. Eg) promote fun runs, engage in community discussions around health

Question 13

What is the role of the gov, community and individuals to ‘Develop personal skills’?

Answer 13

Gov - Develop policies and provide funding towards developing personal skills. Eg) K-10 PDHPE compulsory, advertisements (2 & 5) etc

Community - Run education and training programs to develop personal skills in relation to health. Eg) community health centre education (pre-natal classes, brochures etc) school education system, Quit helpline etc

Individuals - Seek to develop their own skills in relation to health. Enabled to take charge of their own health Eg) research behavioural choices for health, act on advice from GPs and health practitioners, enrol in community programs etc

Question 14

What is the role of the gov, community and individuals to ‘re-orient health services’?

Answer 14

Gov - Fund, research and create policies around prevention and health promotion. Looking at all the determinants of health and not just curative services. Eg) tv advertisements, training of primary health sector to promote health as well as cure.

Community - Conduct research, and be involved in the promotion of health. Eg) cancer council conducts research around cancer, but also promotes better health choices in relation to the prevention of cancer.

Individuals - Seek to make healthy life choices, and help others to do the same, including participation in health promotion. Eg) participating in jump-rope-for-heart or getting advice from a GP on quitting smoking

Question 15

What are the benefits of partnerships in health promotion? (5)

Answer 15

Addresses needs of individuals and communities

More comprehensive health promotion

Better results in health promotion goal

Empowers individuals to act

More efficient health promotion

Question 16

How should govs and non gov organisations work with the community? (benefits of partnerships)

Answer 16

They should work with the community to identify priorities and build the capacity of the individuals within the community. They must find out what is already happening and find out what people know and what they think is important. They also need to share information
with other agencies to assist with research and information collection.

They will need to share information between each other as well as the community, to perhaps motivate them to improve their health (improving health promotion)

Question 17

Why should individuals and communities be involved in the development of health promotion programs by the government ? (benefits of partnerships)

Answer 17

ensures their needs are met and empowers them to act in accordance with the promotion (this is opposed to an enforced health promotion, which is likely to be rejected). Individuals and communities should not just be involved in the creation of health promotions, but also their implementation and analysis. Individuals and communities can be involved in activities such as: data analysis, community meetings, consultations and surveys. The government sector and non-government agencies should work together with individuals and communities. Not only do individuals and the community help identify health issues, but they need to improve their capacity to improve their health. It ultimately EMPOWERS individuals to want to do things differently

Question 18

What is an example of individuals and communities having a partnership with a gov/institution to promote health?

Answer 18

Students at a high school wearing a school hat designed and chosen by students over one that the teacher chooses, as it is the students favourite hats, and will also encourage them to wear it –> reducing probability of being diagnosed with skin cancer in the future

Question 19

What are the benefits of the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter? (4)

Answer 19

Better results of health promotion

Health promotion that addresses all the determinants of health

Greater empowerment of individuals and groups

Health promotion that is based on the principles of social justice

Question 20

How is the social justice principle of equity related to ‘developing personal skills’?

Answer 20

All people should have access to education and skill development regardless of socioeconomic, sociocultural and environmental determinants. Eg) PDHPE. Access can be restricted by factors such as money, distance or lack of exposure. Education to improve a people’s level of health literacy is central in ensuring they have the information and skills required to make decisions about their health to ensure positive outcomes.

Question 21

How is the social justice principle of diversity related to ‘developing personal skills’?

Answer 21

Diversity is about ensuring that information is relevant to all people irrespective of their age, gender, culture, geographic location, sexuality or socioeconomic status. Programs must be able to be personalised in order to target all individuals. Consider a pamphlet that describes how to conduct breast self-examinations to detect the early signs of breast cancer. This pamphlet would develop the skills of a greater group of women if it was available in many different languages and included self-explanatory graphics that could be understood by all women regardless of their level of education

Programs should be personalised to cater for the diversity in our population (ethnic, socioeconomic, geographic etc). Eg) health pamphlets in multiple languages utilising images, which ultimately aim to develop the knowledge and skills of individuals

Question 22

How is the social justice principle of ‘supportive environments’ related to ‘Developing personal skills’?

Answer 22

It is crucial for an individual to develop their personal skills if they are going to overcome any negative influence their environment may have on them. Developing personal skills can support the social justice principle supportive environments through empowering individuals by giving them knowledge and skills, which they can pass on to others within their environment. If a parent is educated about healthy food habits they will provide nutritious foods for their children, which will reduce the chance of them developing a diet-related illness such as diabetes.

People share their skills and knowledge within their environment making it more supportive. Eg) parents educate and model for their children, who do the same in their peer groups

Question 23

Which group is responsible for developing personal skill?

Answer 23

Related to the individual, as it is about developing their capacity to take charge of their own health

Question 24

How is the social justice principle of equity related to ‘creating supportive environments’?

Answer 24

An environment is not supportive if it does not seek to provide equity. Eg) increasing access to health facilities for rural and remote people.

Essentially, creating supportive environments will ultimately improve the equity of people

Question 25

How is the social justice principle of diversity related to ‘creating supportive environments for health’?

Answer 25

In order to be supportive, the environment must also cater for the diversity of the people in that environment. Eg) providing translators for specific groups in specific community health centres/hospitals etc

Question 26

How is the social justice principle of ‘supportive environments’ related to ‘creating supportive environments for health’?

Answer 26

Creating environments that encourage healthy choices is vital in health promotion. Allowing for the healthy development of physical and social environments (in supportive environments) Eg) ensuring good parks for outdoor activities.

Provides the basis of all creations of supportive environments

Question 27

What is equity as a principle of social justice? What is an example of equity?

Answer 27

Basically means promoting fairness and achieving equality. Health promotion equity is about everyone having a good level of health.

An example of this is Medicare enabling everyone to have access to a minimum, equal health system

Question 28

What is diversity as a principle of social justice? What is an example of diversity

Answer 28

Diversity basically means the valuing of people for who they are and ensuring that the health promotion campaigns meet their needs and is developed in an appropriate manner, catering for all the different types of people. For health promotion, it has to take into account the diverse nature of the audience

An example of this is the Close the Gap campaign, in which health services are provided in different ATSI dialects/languages to cater for the different tribe languages.

Question 29

What is ‘supportive environments’ as a principle of social justice? What is an example of it

Answer 29

Supportive environments attempt to uphold basic human rights through the maintenance of healthy development of physical, social and online environments.

An example of this is schools having a strict ‘no bully’ environment

Question 30

How is the social justice principle of equity related to ‘Strengthening community action’?

Answer 30

Equity both with and between communities is important in health promotion. Communities of people suffering inequity in health need to be utilised and empowered in order to improve their health. Eg) ATSI involved in the development and implementation of health promotion for ATSI.

Also, resources; whether financial, structural or human should be equally available to all communities in order to optimise potential for health promotion success. Gov and NGOs are responsible for achieving the equitable distribution of resources such as grants.

Question 31

How is the social justice principle of diversity related to ‘Strengthening community action’?

Answer 31

Each community has its own diversity and needs to be consulted in health promotion. Eg) large Jewish population in Bondi, Lebanese in Bankstown etc should be empowered in relation to health promotion initiative specific for them.

Each community is unique and different and must be consulted about the development of health promotion strategies intended to improve their health. It would be even more effective if members of the community were directly involved in the development of the initiative to guarantee their needs are being met

For example; Programs that prove effective in Indigenous populations always have Indigenous people involved in their development to ensure that cultural aspects are especially considered.

Also, for example, large Jewish population in Bondi, Lebanese in Bankstown etc should be empowered in relation to health promotion initiative specific for them.

Question 32

How is the social justice principle of supportive environments related to ‘Strengthening community action’?

Answer 32

Communities that become empowered to conduct actions for health need an environment that supports their healthy choices. This requires access and availability of services and facilities. Eg) bushwalks being maintained in the blue mountains to encourage locals to walk, or also having access to parks etc to have walks

Question 33

How is the social justice principle of equity related to ‘Reorienting health services’?

Answer 33

Reorienting health services is also about change in professional education and training. All individuals, irrespective of educational backgrounds, should have equal opportunities to train in the promotion of health as well as the provision of health services to increase the health outcomes of their own community and that of others. This would uphold the social justice principle of equity.

Health services must address the inequities in health for that community. Eg) mental health promotion and services in rural and remote locations, or screening for certain cancers which are prevalent in ATSI community

Question 34

How is the social justice principle of diversity related to ‘Reorienting health services’?

Answer 34

Health services must meet the diverse needs of the communities they are in. Eg) promoting balanced diet amongst ATSI people

The process of reorienting health services encourages the health sector to move beyond its traditional role of providing curative services. They must be culturally sensitive For example, in order to ensure that equity is achieved, the health services offered must be culturally sensitive and respect the diverse needs of all people irrespective of their backgrounds. Doctors should be aware of how their patient’s cultural background may be influencing their health choices rather than just addressing symptoms they may be displaying. (IMPORTANT)

Question 35

How is the social justice principle of supportive environments related to ‘Reorienting health services’?

Answer 35

Health services must help provide a supportive environment to the community. Eg) Multi Purpose Service Program for rural and remote people. (kinda weak)

Question 36

How is the social justice principle of equity related to ‘Building healthy public policy’?

Answer 36

Public policy is designed with the aim of producing equity in health status. Laws can ensure that all people are treated fairly, irrespective of their social markers

For example:

Medicare provides access to health services for socioeconomically disadvantaged people

PBS scheme to increase equity, as it recognises that not everyone can afford the cost of prescription drugs, so to create equal access, it subsidies costs of medication

Question 37

What does healthy public policy rely on?

Answer 37

Relies on initiative and support of gov and NGOs to implement change to create positive health outcomes for communities and individuals

Question 38

How is the social justice principle of diversity related to ‘Building healthy public policy’?

Answer 38

Public policy accounts for the diversity of our population, seeking to provide for all people groups as well as catering for their health . Eg) The ‘close the gap’ initiative aims to remove the health inequity for ATSI people in 1 generation.

Question 39

How is the social justice principle of supportive environments related to ‘Building healthy public policy’?

Answer 39

Policy should aim to produce an environment that supports healthy choices. Eg) no smoking in pubs and clubs

Question 40

What are two examples of health promotion which depict the Ottawa Charter in action?

Answer 40

National Tobacco Strategy 2012-18

Head to Health Initiative 2017

Road Safety (2010)

Question 41

What is the National Tobacco Strategy? (4 priorities)

Answer 41

It is a multifaceted campaign with 9 priorities, here are some of them :

strengthen mass media campaigns to: motivate smokers to quit and recent
quitters to remain quit; discourage uptake of smoking; and reshape social
norms about smoking

bolster and build on existing programs and partnerships to reduce smoking rates among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

eliminate remaining advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco products

provide greater access to a range of evidence-based cessation services and supports to help smokers to quit

Question 42

How does the National Tobacco strategy ‘build healthy public policy’? (4)

Answer 42

Develops policies to regulate and limit the ways that the tobacco industry can influence public health policies

Continue to reduce the affordability of tobacco products; Introduction of higher tobacco excise tax will reduce the consumption of tobacco from young people and smokers from low socioeconomic groups –> improving their health

Considering further regulation of the contents, product disclosure and supply of tobacco products and alternative nicotine delivery systems; these policies aim to monitor and enforce laws banning sales to minors as ell as conducting research on alternative nicotone delivery, and a way to combat it

Reduce exceptions to smoke-free workplaces, public places and other settings; continuing to monitor and enforce existing smoke-free legislation

Question 43

How does the National Tobacco Strategy ‘Create supportive environment’? (3)

Answer 43

Through strengthening mass media campaigns to encourage smokers to quit and discourage uptake of smoking; creates an environment conducive to discouraging smoking and thus a healthy lifestyle

Strengthen efforts to reduce smoking among populations with high prevalence of smoking; smokers are supported by health and community services to stop smoking

Eliminate remaining advertisement, promotion of tobacco products; Smokers faced with graphic reminders of the impact of smoking on their health, causing them to be well-informed about health risks and discouraging them (environment of discouraging smoking)

Question 44

How does the National Tobacco Strategy ‘Strengthen community action’? (1)

Answer 44

Bolsters and builds on existing programs and partnerships to reduce smoking rates among ATSI people; involves supporting ATSI people and organisations in their efforts to promote the benefits of being smoke free. ATSI smokers may be more inclined to listen to quit messages from their own community, especially people who have been smokers in the past

Question 45

How does the National Tobacco Strategy, ‘Reorient health services’ and ‘develop personal skills’?

Answer 45

Through providing greater access to a range of evidence based cessation services to support smokers to quit. This increases range and access to quit programs, which may cause people to stop smoking, and is a reorientation of a health service as it aims at shifting from a curative to a preventative focus, and also encouraging people to quit.

Smokers will also have access to online info that they can use to help themselves quit smoking irrespective of location –> developing their personal skill of stopping

Question 46

What is the Head to Health website?

Answer 46

It was launched in Oct 2019, and is a way for people with mental health issues or people worried about their mental health or others can access reliable info and links to support services

Question 47

What are the 4 main sections on the ‘head to Health’ website?

Answer 47

Living a meaningful life, including resources to help stay physically healthy, build strong relationships, find a sense of fulfillment and feel safe.

Mental health difficulties, which provides resources for people, and their loved ones, experiencing mental health conditions or disorders.

Supporting yourself, which provides practical suggestions and links for where to seek support, including the details of services that help with specific concerns or that support specific demographic groups.

Supporting someone else, which provides practical suggestions and links for carers, including the details of services that support specific cultural groups or age groups.

Question 48

How does Head to Health create supportive environments? (5)

Answer 48

Provides info on who to contact if you are in immediate danger or in distress

Provides info about finding somewhere safe, secure and stable to live in

Provides info as to how to help someone who is self-harming or to help yourself if considering self-harm

Links to support services for certain demographics

How to support someone

Ultimately, all of these contribute to helping create a supportive environment either for yourself of for other individuals, in terms of ensuring that people’s mental health is ok. A supportive environment ensures that one is taking care of each other, ultimately allowing for community to take care of one another, or friends

Question 49

How does Head to Health develop personal skills? (3)

Answer 49

Providing info on nutrition, and living an active life, as well as having proper sleep

Finding a passion through suggesting various hobbies, volunteering etc.

Providing info on how to support someone

supporting the personal and social development of the individual.

All of these various resources allows the support of the various personal and social developments of the individual, allowing them to develop an identity as well as allowing for them to take control of their own health, and developing their personal skills in various aspects of life such as counselling and taking care of themselves

Question 50

How does Head to Health strengthen community action? (2)

Answer 50

Suggesting that we build strong relationships and support networks in the community, i.e. through sports

Encouraging people to find somewhere safe and secure, and also helping to create a safe neighbourhood

These various resources encourage people to create a strong community around the individual, and allows the community to identify and improve on the various parts of the community which have detriments on perhaps the mental health of individuals. Through creating strong relationships, they are able to identify if an individual is going through a mental health crisis, alowing them to look out for that individual

Question 51

How does Head to Health reorient health services? (2)

Answer 51

Providing resources on finding support either online or face to face about mental health issues

Development of a chatbot which can help visitors find info or services they need

This shows reorientation of health services as it provides services which aim at improving the mental health of individuals although they may not have a clinical/curative approach, and may help prevent mental health from being a downward spiral

Question 52

How does ‘Road Safety (2010)’ build healthy public policy

Answer 52

Legislation was created in order to allow fixed speed cameras in NSW. 50Km/h urban speed limit was part of the nationwide strategy, as even small reductions in speed save lives and decrease morbidity caused by road accidents. Road safety courses are being developed to develop safer driving habits and further testing has been added to the requirements for driver training (hazard perception test and driver qualification test). Penalties have also increased for drink driving, speeding, and road rage.

Question 53

What is the ‘Road Safety (2010)’?

Answer 53

This is a framework that aims to half the road fatalities by 2020. It describes speeding as the greatest contributor to road fatalities in NSW. It also aims to reduce the cost of speed-related crashes, which were over $827 million per year. Road Safety utilises the five (5) action areas of the Ottawa Charter in seeking to achieve safer roads for all Australians.

Question 54

How does ‘Road Safety (2010)’ create supportive environments?

Answer 54

Road Safety has sought to make speeding socially unacceptable using the ‘Speeding – no one thinks big of you’ campaign. It has also increased awareness of the police operations targeting young drivers through the ‘P plate speeding campaign’. The installation of fixed speed cameras, particularly around school zones and traffic lights(safety cameras), including the warning signs for the cameras. Intelligent Speed Adaptation systems have been and are being tested to provide information to the driver regarding speed limits or that limit the speed of the vehicle to that of the zone. Roads have also been upgraded with higher safety standards, and cycle ways have been constructed to separate cyclists from traffic. Road crossing facilities, audio/tactile signals, and ramps for wheelchairs, prams and shopping trolleys have also been upgraded in safety for pedestrians.

Ultimately, allowing for a safe environment for both pedestrians and drivers

Question 55

How does ‘Road Safety (2010)’ strengthen community actions?

Answer 55

Road Safety has strengthened community action by sponsoring the RTA SpeedBlitz Blues to raise awareness of the consequences of speeding in an attempt to change attitudes to speeding. It works with community-based organisations to provide ‘driver reviver’ stops to combat fatigue related accidents.

Question 56

How does ‘Road Safety (2010)’ develop personal skills

Answer 56

The ‘notes campaign’ targets 17-25 year-old drivers increasing awareness of speeding and mortality in the hope to encourage them to think before acting in order to modify speeding habits. The introduction of the Graduated Licensing Scheme improves the knowledge and driving ability of young drivers and school education programs on road safety aims to protect children and instill long-term safe behaviours.

Question 57

How does ‘Road Safety (2010)’ reorient heealth services?

Answer 57

The ‘Slow Down Roadshow’ travels around the state educating the community about the consequences of speeding. Many of the other strategies and campaigns mentioned that increase road safety awareness promote a preventative approach to road safety issues, and are examples of reorienting health services towards health promotion.

Question 58

Has the Road Safety (2010) been effective?

Answer 58

Has ben successful in reducing road fatalities since 2010 and reduced hospitalisations from road related accidents

Question 59

NEED MORE EXAMPLES REGARDING EACH OTTAWA CHARTER PRINCIPLE