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1
Q

What are the primary functions of the reproductive system?

A

Produces, transports and sustains gametes, nurtures offspring, produces hormones, provides a conduit for urinary elimination.

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2
Q

What are the primary sex organs (gonads) in the male and female reproductive systems?

A

Testes (male) and Ovaries (female).

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3
Q

What happens when the sperm and ovum meet?

A

They create a diploid cell that holds all genetic instructions for making a baby.

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4
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive organs?

A
  • Mammary glands
  • Vulva
  • Clitoris
  • Perineum
  • Vagina
  • Uterus
  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
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5
Q

What is the function of mammary glands?

A

Secretes milk.

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6
Q

What is the role of the clitoris?

A

Contains female erectile tissue and is rich in sensory nerves.

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7
Q

What is the function of Bartholin’s glands?

A

Secretes mucus during sexual arousal.

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8
Q

What is the structure and function of the vagina?

A

Receives erect penis, serves as passage for delivery of offspring and uterine secretions.

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A
  • Endometrium
  • Myometrium
  • Perimetrium
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10
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A

Produce and release ova and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

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11
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

A

Propels ovum towards the uterus and is the site of fertilization.

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12
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Regular changes in uterine lining resulting in monthly bleeding.

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13
Q

What is menarche?

A

First menstrual period.

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14
Q

What is menopause?

A

Termination of the menstrual cycle due to normal aging of ovaries.

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15
Q

What is semen?

A

Thick, yellowish alkaline mixture containing nutrients and prostaglandins.

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16
Q

What is the structure of a sperm cell?

A
  • Head
  • Acrosome
  • Midpiece
  • Tail
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17
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Holds testes away from the body and regulates temperature.

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18
Q

What does the epididymis do?

A

Receives spermatids from seminiferous tubules and allows for maturation of sperm.

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19
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland?

A

Secretes alkaline fluid that activates sperm and prevents them from sticking.

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20
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

A

Washes residual urine out of the urethra and raises pH to neutralize acidity.

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21
Q

What are the phases of the reproductive cycle?

A
  • Follicular Phase
  • Ovulation Phase
  • Luteal Phase
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22
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

A

GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone).

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23
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

Stimulates maturation of the follicle.

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24
Q

What is the role of LH in males?

A

Stimulates production of sperm and secondary male sex characteristics.

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25
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Stimulates proliferation of endometrium and development of female reproductive track.

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26
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

Thickening of endometrium and inhibits secretion of FSH and LH.

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27
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

Influences male physical characteristics and reproductive functions.

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28
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Utilizes chemical release of hormones for widespread signaling.

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29
Q

What is the main function of the pituitary gland?

A

Regulates growth and triggers sexual maturity.

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30
Q

What hormones does the thyroid produce?

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
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31
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Regulates blood sugar and produces digestive enzymes.

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32
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce?

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Norepinephrine
33
Q

What are the two main types of neurons?

A
  • Afferent Neurons (sensory)
  • Efferent Neurons (motor)
34
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Connect afferent and efferent neurons.

35
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
  • Diencephalon
36
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates voluntary muscle movement and regulates balance.

37
Q

What does the brainstem control?

A

Involuntary actions such as digestion, heartbeat, and breathing.

38
Q

What are the main parts of the brain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

39
Q

What does the brain stem control?

A

Involuntary actions such as digestion, heartbeat, breathing, sneezing, coughing, and swallowing

40
Q

What connects the brain to the spinal cord?

A

Brain stem

41
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Relays information between the spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum

42
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Acts as a bridge that joins the cerebellum with the cerebrum

43
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

A

Regulates heart rate, breathing, and reflexes such as swallowing and coughing

44
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A tubelike structure of neurons that extends to other areas of the body

45
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

Bones called vertebrae

46
Q

What is the function of the afferent (sensory) division?

A

Conducts impulses from the receptors to the CNS

47
Q

What are the subdivisions of the afferent division?

A
  • Somatic Sensory Division
  • Visceral Sensory Division
48
Q

What does the somatic sensory division detect?

A

Mechanical stimuli, temperature, balance, light detection

49
Q

What does the visceral sensory division detect?

A

Chemicals, osmolarity, and temperature

50
Q

What is the function of the sensory (motor) division?

A

Conducts impulses from the CNS to the effector organs

51
Q

What are the subdivisions of the sensory division?

A
  • Somatic Motor Division
  • Autonomic Motor Division
52
Q

What does the somatic motor division regulate?

A

Voluntary efferent neurons and skeletal muscles

53
Q

What does the autonomic motor division regulate?

A

Involuntary movements such as heartbeat and smooth muscle movements

54
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

Controls involuntary functions and maintains homeostasis

55
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
56
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Prepares the body for fight or flight

57
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Helps the body conserve energy and promotes ‘rest and digest’ response

58
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Voluntary actions like skeletal muscles and sensory neurons of the skin

59
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Contains all the hereditary information in the form of genes

60
Q

What is RNA’s role in protein synthesis?

A

Acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes

61
Q

What is the sequence of protein synthesis?

A

DNA → RNA → Protein

62
Q

What is the first step of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

63
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

64
Q

What enzyme unwinds DNA during transcription?

65
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

66
Q

What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

A

RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded

67
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

Copies one gene and carries information to the ribosome

68
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

Makes up a large part of ribosome and is responsible for reading mRNA

69
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Carries amino acids to the ribosome

70
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The bond between amino acids

71
Q

What is a codon?

A

Bases on the mRNA strand

72
Q

What is an anti-codon?

A

Bases on the tRNA strand

73
Q

How are nitrogen bases read in protein synthesis?

A

3 bases at a time

74
Q

What is the start codon?

75
Q

What are the stop codons?

A
  • UGA
  • UAG
  • UAA
76
Q

What is a chromosomal mutation?

A

Any change in the structure or number of chromosomes

77
Q

What are examples of chromosomal mutations?

A
  • Chromosomal deletion
  • Chromosomal duplication
  • Chromosomal inversion
  • Chromosomal translation
  • Nondisjunction
78
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

Occurs during protein synthesis and affects the resulting protein

79
Q

What are the types of gene mutations?

A
  • Point mutation
  • Frameshift mutation

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