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COPD Exercebation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main symptoms of COPD?

what happens without treatment

A
  • increasing breathlessness, particularly on exertion
  • persistent chesty cough with phlegm – some people may dismiss this as just a “smoker’s cough”
  • frequent chest infections
  • persistent wheezing

Without treatment, symptoms progressively gets worse.

There can be also periods of exercebation

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2
Q

What are the causes of COPD?

A

Main cause is smoking (90% of COPD have smoked)

However it can happen in people who have never smoked before!

Long term exposure to harmful fumes or dust (at eork)

Air pollution

Rare- Genetics

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3
Q

what are the possible treatments for COPD and what should you recognise about this treatment

A

Damage is permanent but. treatment slows down progression.

Treatments:

  • stopping smoking – if you have COPD and you smoke, this is the most important thing you can do
  • inhalers and medicines – to help make breathing easier
  • pulmonary rehabilitation – a specialised programme of exercise and education
  • surgery or a lung transplant – although this is only an option for a very small number of people
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4
Q

what is the prognosis for COPD?

A

it vary slightly from person to person however IT CANNOT BE CURED/REVERSE

Treatment can help keep in under control so you can perfom ADLs

In some, COPD gets worse despite treatments- lead to lessened quality of life and life threatening problems

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5
Q

what is the main way of preventing COPD

A

Stopping smoking- the earlier the better (use nHS stop smoking services)

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6
Q

what is COPD and when (age) do pts normally feel symptoms

A

Combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Develops slowly and pts do not normally feel symptoms until they are in theri 40s or 50s

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7
Q

What are the less common symptoms of COPD? and when does it happen. Give relevant details

A
  • weight loss
  • tiredness
  • ankle oedema
  • chest pain and haemotypsis– although these are usually signs of another condition, such as a chest infection or possibly lung cancer

This tend to occur when COPD is in advanced stage

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8
Q

when should you get medical advice? what will the GP do

A

if you have persistent symptoms of COPD especially if you’re over 35 and smoke/used to smoke

the GP will do multiple breathing tests on you to help determine if you have COPD or other conditions like:

  • asthma
  • bronchietacsis
  • anaemia
  • Heart failure

They have similar symptoms

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9
Q

How does smoking cause COPD?

A

The harmful chemicals in smoke can damage the lining of the lungs and airway.

Passive smoking can also increase risk

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10
Q

what are the substances that can linked to COPD if you’re exposed to them over a long period of time?

A
  • cadmium dust and fumes
  • grain and flour dust
  • silica dust
  • welding fumes
  • isocyanates
  • coal dust

Risk is higher if you breathe in these chemical AND you smoke

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11
Q

Describe and explain the evidence behind air pollution causing COPD

A

Expsoure to air pollution over a long time can affect how lungs works

Hence could increase risk of COPD

However the evidence suggesting this link isn’t robust enough

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12
Q

Explain the part genetics play in the causation of COPD

A

Increased risk of getting COPD if you smoke and have a close relative with COPD

Some genes make you susceptible to getting COPD: alpha- 1- antitrypsin deficiency.

A1-antitrypsin protects lung from damage

10% of people with COPD have this genes.

They also tend to develop COPD at a younger age

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13
Q

what are the 2 charities for peopl affected by A1-antitrypsin deficiency

A

Alpha-1 Awareness

Alpha-1 UK Support Group

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14
Q

if you go to the GP about persistent COPD symptoms, what will the GP do

A

Ask bout HPC, FHx

They’ll calculate BMI and assess your smoking status (pack years)

Chest examination: auscultation of chest

Investigations:

  • Spirometry
  • Bloodt tests
  • CXR
  • Further specialised tests
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15
Q

How will a GP conduct a spirometry test for a pt presenting with persistent COPD symptoms

A

Breathe into spiromoter after inhaling bronchodilator

it measures: FEV1 and FVC

Results are compared with normal for your age group

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16
Q

why might a GP order a CXR?

A

Help to exclude or find other problems like:

  • Chest infections
  • lung cancer

N.B. they do not always show

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17
Q

why do GP carry put blood tests

A

It helps to find out if there are other diagnosis that causes same symptoms of COPD like:

  • anaemia
  • polycythaemia

Can also be used to find out if you havew A1-antitrypsin deficiency

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18
Q

what furthert test may GP carry out to confrim diagnosis or determine severity of COPD?

A

ECG

Echocardiogram – an ultrasound scan of the heart

Peak flow test – a breathing test that measures how fast you can blow air out of your lungs, which can help rule out asthma

Pulse Oximetry

CT scan – a detailed scan that can help identify any problems in your lungs

Phlegm sample – a sample of your phlegm (sputum) may be tested to check for signs of a chest infection

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19
Q

what different bronchodilator inhaler therapies may be given to a pt with COPD.

give examples and when can it be used.

give any other relevant details

A

Short acting bronchodilators:

  • most first line treatment
  • They should be used when you feel breathless up to max of 4 times a day
  • SABA- e.g salbutamol or terbutaline
  • SAMA- e.g ipratropium.

Long acting bronchodilators:

  • used if they’re experiencing symptoms throughout the day. it lasts 12 hrs
  • use only 1 or 2 times a day
  • LABA: e.g salmeterol, formeterol and idacaterol
  • LAMA- e.g tiotropium, glycopyronium and acidinium

Some inhlaers contain LABA and LAMA

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20
Q

when is steroid inhaler therapy used and give relevant details

A

used when:

  • you’re still breahtless despite long-acting inhaler or
  • frequent exercebation

inhaled Steroid- reduce inflammation in airways

Steroid inhalers are normally prescribed as part of a combination inhaler that also contains long-acting medicine

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21
Q

when would a doctor prescribe tablets for COPD and give examples of tablets that could nbe used?

A

if symptoms aren’t controlled by inhalers

Tablets could be:

  • Theophyline tablets
  • mucolytics
  • Steroid tablets
  • Antibiotics
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22
Q

how does theophyline work and what are the side efffects?

what will the doctor do whilst you’re on theophyline

A

A type of bronchodilator- uncelar how ti works but it reduces inlammation of airways and relaxes smooth muscle

Exists as tablet or capsules and taken 2 times a day

Need regular bloodt test to monitor drug blood levels- help doctor to first best therapeutic dose

S/E:

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • headaches
  • difficulty sleeping (insomnia)
  • palpitations
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23
Q

what is the name of the similar medicine to theophyline that may be used

A

Aminophyline

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24
Q

When do doctor use mucolytics and give examples of mucolytics and give any relevant details.

what is the main type of mucolytic?

A

If you have chesty cough with thick phlegms, doctor may prescribe carbocisteine.

They make break down phelgm and make them easier to cough up

Carbocisteine exists as tablet or capsule and u take it 3 or 4 times a day

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25
Q

what is the name of the other type of mucolytic prescribed if carbocisteine is contraindicated or doesn’t help.

Give relevant details

A

Acetylcisteine

Exist as powder and you mix with water

powder has unpleasant smell- rotten eggs but smell goes away when mixed with water

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26
Q

when are steroid tablets prescirbed and give S/Es and dosage.

Give relevant details, how long is the course of treatment

A

When you have a very bads exercebation

5 day short course treatment of steorid tablet given

Long term use give S/Es like:

  • weight gain
  • mood swings
  • weakened bones (osteoporosis)

Doctor may give you a supply to help when you have an exercebation

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27
Q

when and how are long term steroid tablets prescribed

A

Longer courses of steroid tablets must be prescribed by a COPD specialist.

You’ll be given the lowest effective dose and monitored closely for side effects.

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28
Q

when are antibiotics prescribed

A

if you present with signs of chest infections like:

  • becoming more breathless
  • coughing more
  • change in the colour (such as becoming brown, green or yellow) and/or consistency of your phlegm (such as becoming thicker)

Doctor can give you a supply just incase you experience symptoms of infection

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29
Q

what are the features of pulmonary rehabilitation

A

program of exericse and education to help those with COPD

it helps improves how much exercise you do before you feel out breath, it improves symptoms, self confidence and wellbeing

Program- 2 or more a group session a week for atleast 6 weeks

it involves:

  • physical exercise training tailored to your needs and ability – such as walking, cycling and strength exercises
  • education about your condition for you and your family
  • dietary advice
  • psychological and emotional support

Program provided by physios, nurse specialists and dieticians

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30
Q

Some people with vert severe symptoms or exercebations may need additional specialised reatments.

what are they

A

Nebulised medicine

Roflumilast

Long term oxygen therapy

Ambulatory oxygen therapy

Non-invasive ventilation

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31
Q

when is nebulised medicine given and what does it involve

A

May be given in severe cases of COPD if inhalers have not worked

A machine turns the liquid medicine into a fine mist that you breathe through a moutpiece or facemask

it allows a large dose to be taken at once

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32
Q

what is roflumilast and who is it recommeded for. what are the S/Es

A

New med used to used treat flare up- it is tablet and can help reduce inflammation in lungs and airways

Recommended for people whose symptoms have suddenly become worse atleast 2 times over past 12 months AND already on inhaler.

S/Es:

  • nausea
  • diarrhoea
  • reduced appetite
  • weight loss
  • headache
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33
Q

Describe the features of Long term oxygen and give any precaution

A

COPD causes hypoxia

long term O2 helps with hypoxia but not breathlessness (hypercapnic drive to breathe)

Should be used for atleast 16 hrs a day.

Tubes are long so you can move around the house when connected and there are portable O2 tanks if you want to go outside

Don’t smoke whilst on oxygen: combustion

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34
Q

Give features of Ambulatory oxygen and who is it recommended for

A

Help COPD pts when they walk or active in other ways

if blood O2 levels are normal at rest but low on exercise then ambulatory O2 therapy is better than long-term for u

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35
Q

when are Non-invasive ventilation used? give features

A

if you have a bad flare and taken to the hospital

Where portable machine supports lungs to breathe- make it easier

36
Q

when is surgery used and what are the different types of surgery

A

Small number of pts with severe COPD whose symptoms can’t be controlled by medicine.

E.g

  • Bullectomy- remvoe bullae and make it easier to breathe
  • lung volume reduction surgery- remove bad part of lung and allow healthier parts to work better
  • Lung transplant

Done under general anaesthetic

37
Q

what are the general advice you can give to pts living with COPD

A

Take your prescribed medicine-

  • read med info leaflet about medicine and check with care team if you plan to take over the counter meds.
  • talk to doctor about side effects

Stop smoking, Exercise regularly and maintain healthy wieght

Get vaccinated

Check the weather

38
Q

Explain rationale behind the following advice and give any additional details

  1. exercise regularly
  2. maintain healthy wieght
A

Exercise- inprove symptoms and QoL

  • exercise until you a little bit breathless (safe) but do not push yourself
  • speak to GP if you want to start new exercise
  • use pulmonary rehabilitation

Healthy weight

  • Being too heavy worsens dyspnea
  • COPD pts can unintentionally lose wieght so take food that are high in proteins and have enough calories
  • use a dietician- pulmonary rehabilitation
39
Q

Explain rationale behind the following advice and give any additional details

  1. Getting vaccinated
  2. Checking the weather
A

Vaccine

  • COPD pts are more vulnerable to infections

Waether

  • Cold spells and periods of hot weather and humidity can cause breathing problems in COPD pts
  • Check weather forecast and make sure you have enough medicine at hand incase weather gets worse
40
Q

What types of air substances should pts with COPD avoid in order to reduce flare ups

A
  • dusty places
  • fumes, such as car exhausts
  • smoke
  • air freshener sprays or plug-ins
  • strong-smelling cleaning products (unless there’s plenty of ventilation)
  • hairspray
  • perfume
41
Q

what breathing techniques are important for people with COPD

A

When short of breath use breathing control- gently breathing useing the least effort with the shoulders supported

For more active people:

  • relaxed, slow, deep breathing
  • breathing through pursed lips, as if whistling
  • breathing out hard when doing an activity that needs a big effort
  • paced breathing, using a rhythm in time with the activity, such as climbing stairs

if you have chesty cough with phlegm use active cycle breathing techniqe to help clear airways

42
Q

Sometimes you need to talk to other people , why is this useful and who can you talk to

A

GP or nurse- education and reassurement

Talking to a trained counsellor or psychologist or specialist helpline

Talking to people with COPD online or local support group

Helps psychologically

43
Q

what is the advice about relationship and sex for people with COPD

A

You can be tired and depressed - important to talk about your worries

Be open about what you feel and tell them when you need time to yourself

Sex life

  • tell your partner and explore what you can/cannot do
  • doctor, nurse or physio may suggets ways to help during sex
44
Q

what should a pt do if they want to fly

A

Go to GP for fitness to fly assesment : uses spirometry

pack all meds in hand luggage

If your using O2 therapy, tell flight in advance and get a medical form from GP

if on LTOT- make sure u have anough O2 for the flight and time away

N.B- airlines don’t allow O2 cylinders inside flgiht- combust. however they may permit portable oxygen concentrator devices

45
Q

what financial support are available for people woith COPD especially when they cannot work

A

If you have a job but cannot work due to illness- get Statutory sick pay

if you don’t have a job due to illness- may get Employment and support allowance

if you’re caring for someone with COPD- may get Carer’s allowance

you may get other benefits: chidlren, low income, etc

46
Q

Describe the end of life care for pts with COPD.

A

palliative care- talking and planning end of life care

Talk to family and freinds- there’s support for them

Talk to doctor and they’ll tell you what symptoms you’ll get at that time and treatments available at that time

Establish a clear management plan with Dr. ti could include:

  • whether you want to go to hospital or hospice or looked after at home
  • maybe get advanced decisions like living will, DNAR or whether you want to artificila ventilation to continue
47
Q

what is the physiological rationale behind proning in typical ARDS

A

reduce ventilation/perfusion mismatching, hypoxaemia and shunting.

Proning decreases the pleural pressure gradient between dependent and non-dependent lung regions as a result of gravitational effects and conformational shape matching of the lung to the chest cavity.

it increases recuritment of dorsal lung units due to homegenous strain distribution and lung aeration

48
Q

what does proning NOT alter

A

DOES NOT alter regional distribution of pulmonary blood flow, with perfusion predominating towards dorsal lung aspects due to non-gravitational factors.

49
Q

Evaluate the use of PEEP via -NIV or CPAP in management of ARDS

how do you mitigate this

A

Good- prevent alveolar derecruitment

Bad-

  • Overdistension of well perfused alveoli
  • Lung injury in Type 1 pts who can spontaenously breathe
50
Q

Contrast the evidence available in using proning for ARDS/ severe Type 1 pts under IMV and awake pts

A

IMV- high evidence reduces 28 mortality by half

awake - evidence not robust enough

51
Q

Proning is niormally used for severe COVID pts under IMV (Invasive mechanical ventilation)

why isnt proning used universally fro all COVID pts?

A

In early stage of COVID pneumonitis: lung compliance is high and hence there is minimal recruitbaility- proning isnt useful.

  • Hypoxemia driven by pulmonary perfusion patterns

As it progresses; it looks more like ARDS and complicance reduces and become more recuritable; proning is more useful

You can tell the difference from early to late stage (according to the paper) using CT scan of lung weight, gas Vol and proportion of non-aerated lung tissue

52
Q

what is the normal duration of proning time neccessary for ARDS pts under IMV?

wbu awake proning

A

12-16hrs a day

Awake- not specified yet, but longest recorded was 8 hrs

53
Q

what are the downsides of proning an awake pt with COVID

A

Firstly need more personnel; costly

Contamination of pts environment due to:

  • Increased coughing in proned postion
  • Increased lung secretion drainage under G forces
54
Q

what are the main causes of COPD in the poorer countries (developing world)

A

Environmental polliutants from biofuel

Biofuel contains: dung cakes, residues from agricultural crop and firewood 🪵 ( 1or all)

Toxic fumes are:

  • CO,
  • polyaromatic and polyorganic hydrocarbons
  • formaldehyde
55
Q

What is the target pulse oximetry for COPD pts and explain why

A

88-92%

HIgh alveolar dead space lead to V/Q msimatch lead to hypercapnia eventually (due to vasoconstriction)

Overtime due to chronic hypercpania, chemoreceptors (both central and peripheral ) get tolerance to CO2 and hence you develop hypoxic drive to breathe

Giving them too much O2 will stop them breathing

56
Q

what is the equation linking pH to HCO3- and pCO2

what is the overall aim of compensation

A

Hasselbach equation

pH = 6.1 + log − HCO3/0.03pCO2

Aim of compensation: keep the HCO3/pCO2 ratio constant

57
Q

what is the compensatory mechanism for acute respiratory acidosis

A

1 mEq of bicarbonate increases with every 10 mm Hg increase in pCO2.

H+ ions buffering in the acute phase takes place by proteins (primarily hemoglobin) and other buffers (non-bicarbonate).

H2CO3+ −Hb => HHb + −HCO3

58
Q

what is the compensatory mechanism for chronic resp acidosis?

What must you be aware of?

A

Kidney- takes 3-5 days. The body is much better at this.

it retains HCO3- and secrete H+ ; hence prevents pH from becoming too low.

this only occurs in the blood and not the brain. Therefore long term resp acidosis causes CNS symptoms:

  • drowsiness, anxiety, headaches and sleep disturbances
59
Q

what is the prognosis of COPD pts with renal failure

A

Can’t compensate

Hence overtime there is mixed resp and metabolic acidosis leading to very very low pH

hence higher mortality as low PH can:

  • cause rythm dysfunction leading to arrythmias
  • hypotension
60
Q

Why should you be cautiois of using suppelemental O2 to prevent hypercapnia?

i.e. how can hypercapnia occur if you give too much supplemental O2 (more than 92%) to a pt with COPD

A

this can lead to very high levels of hypercapnia due to:

  • The failure of the hypoxic drive
  • Haldane effect: The increased PaO2 displaces the CO2 from hemoglobin and thereby increasing the PaCO2
  • The increased partial pressure of oxygen reverses the hypoxic vasoconstriction at the pulmonary artery level which leads to V/Q mismatching; . Increasing dead space and thus increasing acidosis.
  • The increased amount of oxygen displaces nitrogen, which leads to atelectasis.
61
Q

COPD pts with Low pH and or renal failure are more likely to be in ICU and have higher mortality rates

How can we prevent hypercarbia related complication in COPD pts

A
  • Careful monitoring and proper management of COPD
  • Smoking cessation
  • Healthy lifestyle and regular exercise help prevent diseases that can worsen respiration
  • Use pt centered approach and MDT to reduce morbidity
62
Q

what should you do with a COPD exercebation pt who has renal fialure

A

Spirometry, ABG, pulse oximetry can be used to determine severity of disease especially during exercebation

For these pts ther are to be treated in ICU by a a different subspecialty physicians

63
Q

Describe the homeostasis of HCO3- ions in detail

Where does it occur and how, what is the normal HCO3- level

A

In PCT- regulate reabsorption of HCO3- mainly through PCT (around 90%)

Also at PCT- can form HCO3- through excretion of NH3 and PO43-

Intercalated cells in DCT- can also increase and decrease HCO3- and H+ antagonistically

Normal- 22-28mmol/l

64
Q

what can cause metabolic acidosis

A

Either increase in H+ or decrease in HCO3-

Reverse for alkalosis

65
Q

how can you tell whether metabolic acidosis is caused by increase in H+ or decrease in HCO3-

A

Find the anion gap (normal is 8-16 mmol/l)

Main cation blood conc (Na+) minus the all anions

Howvever when K+ is added as a cation in the equation then normal anion gap level is (12-20mmol/l).

Anion gap could be high or normal

66
Q

what is the signifcance of a high anion gap in metabolic acidosis. give causes

A

Caused by increased in unmeasure anions as the hydrogen ions react with bicarbonate ions

Hence H+ is ioncreased

common causes of high anion gap metabolic acidsosis are are:

  • lactic acidosis
  • toxic acidosis
  • ketoacidosis
  • renal failure
67
Q

what is the signifcance of normal anion gap in metabolic acidosis

A

Loss of bicarbonate ions are replaced with chloride ions

Causes:

  • Diarrhoea and renal tubular acidosis
68
Q

Descirbe the differences according to bmj vidoes in repsiraotry compensation when there’s metabolic alkalosis or acidosis

A

Acidosis- Hyperventialtion is very fast ( within 1 hr)

Alkalosis- hypoventilation- still fast

  • Less pronounced
  • CO2 retained doesnt get beyond 7.5 kPa
69
Q

Explain the relationship between COPD exercebation and death

A

Exercebation can be infective or non-infective

A single COPD exercebation doubles the rate of lung function decline leading to deceased physical activity

This can affect mental health and hence QoL

this can cause further exercebation and death

20% of pts with first execerbation die within 1 yr

70
Q

what are the indicators of infective exercebation

A

Sputum- colur change and consistency- u can culture it also

pyrexia

71
Q

all pts with SOB in hospital must have CXR, what can the CXR show especially for pts woth COPD

A

Infective exercebation- airspace opacities and lobar conolidation and flattening of costophrenic angle.

  • Mr craven had this- pneumonia

lung cancer

plueral effusion

COPD- hyperinflated lungs

72
Q

what were the tests orderd for Mr craven?

Interprete these ABGs

A

CXR, bloods, ECG, sputum and an ABG

ABG: interpretation

73
Q

what are the normal values for PaO2 and PaCO2

A
74
Q

what are the causes of type 1 resp failure

A
75
Q

what are the causes of type 2 resp failure

A

late severe acute asthma- as asthma worsens you feel incredibly tired and hence can’t ventilate

76
Q

what are the features of Type 1 failure

what are the criteria and give basic causes

A

Hypoxaemia- less than 60mmHg

Due to failure to oxygenate- problme with lung tissue and hence cannot meet body O2 commands

CO2 is normal

Increased shunt fraction

77
Q

what are the features of type 2 resp failure

give criteria and causes

A

Pump failiure (affect anything from brain to skeletal muscle)

Hypercapnia- more than 6.7kPa

Increase deadspace - causes

78
Q

what resp failure did Mr craven have

A

He had Type 1 failure before coming to hospital but the pneumonia worsens the COPD and now has type 2 resp failure

79
Q

if a pt comes to the hosptial with exercebation, what criteria must be met before discharging them

A
  • No type 2 failure
  • No sepsis
  • No confusion and must be orientated to time and space
  • Good NEWS2
  • Good support at home
  • Can contact you (doctor) and hosptial staff if exercebation
80
Q

what were the drug and non -drug treatment that were given to Mr Craven in hospital and can be given to anyone with exercebation of COPD

A

Drugs

  • HIGH O2 (repeat ABG, pulse oximetry then reduce as possible)
  • IV hydrocortisone
  • IV antibioticsa
  • Nebulised bronchodilators

Non drug:

  • Sit them up
  • Respiratory physiotherapy

N.B May need NIV/CPAP if worsens or even progress to IMV

81
Q

what are the differences between CPAP and BiPaP (NIV)

Draw out the pressures

what precautions

A

CPAP-

  • constant pressure given and used for type 1 resp failure pts
  • Positive pressue should be around 12cmH2O

BiPAP- has too pressures. IPAP is higher than EPAP. This is used for type 2 resp failure; helps to recurit more lung units.

Precautions:

  • Don’t use too much FiO2 (cap at 35%)
  • Dont use too much pressure- damage lungs
  • increase pressure gradually with high frequency at the start
82
Q

how can COPD lead to ankle oedema

A

Cor-Pulmonale

83
Q

what is CPAP and biPAP (NIV)

A
84
Q

what are the presentations of COPD

A

Can be acute, chronic or acute on chronic

Normally type 2 failure but can be normal or type 1

85
Q

Comorbidities can exercebate COPD

Write down the 2 most common COPD comorbidites and 2 one are linked most to mortality

A

Common:

  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • CAD and PAD:

mortality

  • pancreatic and breast cancer
  • anxiety
  • other cancers- lung

notable

  • polycythaemia
  • HF
  • diabetes

CSI (17 decks)

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