COPD and asthma Flashcards
what is atopy
individuals who readily develop IgE antibodies
against common environmental antigens
how do you test increased respinsiveness of the lungs
inhailed histamine
how does narrowing of the airway come about in asthma
smooth muscle contraction, thickening of the airway wall by cellular infiltration and inflammation, and the presence of secretions within the airway lumen
who do dendritic cells present to in asthma
TH2
what does TH2 do in asthma
releases cytokines to recruit eosinophils and mast cells
which cytokines promote B cells to swap to IgE in asthma
IL-4 and IL-13
what does IgE do in asthma
attach to mast cells via high-affinity receptors, which in turn release histamine, tryptase, prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C4
remodelling in asthma
smooth muscle undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia
common jobs associated with asthma
veterinary medicine and animal handling, bakery
wheat, rye) and laundry work (biological enzymes
what levels are lowered in asthma
PEFR or FEV1
major cause of COPD
smoking
what might cause an earlier onset of COPD
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency
chronic bronchitis affect on airway
hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands of the bronchial tree, bronchial wall inflammation and mucosal oedema = airway narrowing
metaplasia in COPD
epithelial cell layer may ulcerate and, when the ulcers heal, squamous epithelium may replace columnar epithelium
what is emphysema
dilatation and destruction of the lung tissue distal to the terminal bronchioles
emphysema affect on airways
loss of elastic recoil, which normally keeps airways open during expiration; this is associated with expiratory airflow limitation and air trapping
cigs affect on mucus
mucous gland hypertrophy in the larger airways leads to an increase in neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocyes These cells release inflammatory mediators (elastases, proteases, IL-1]and IL-8 and TNF-α break down connective tissue (protease–antiprotease imbalance) in the lung
what can inactivate a atitrypsin
cigarrette smoke
characteristic symptoms of COPD
cough with the production of sputum, wheeze and breathlessness
why do you get a barrell chest in COPD
hyperinflation
how do COPD people breath
Pursed lips on expiration help to prevent alveolar and airway collapse
Use of the accessory muscles
what happens to the FEV1: FVC ratio in COPD
reduced