COPD and asthma

Question 1

what is atopy

Answer 1

individuals who readily develop IgE antibodies

against common environmental antigens

Question 2

how do you test increased respinsiveness of the lungs

Answer 2

inhailed histamine

Question 3

how does narrowing of the airway come about in asthma

Answer 3

smooth muscle contraction, thickening of the airway wall by cellular infiltration and inflammation, and the presence of secretions within the airway lumen

Question 4

who do dendritic cells present to in asthma

Answer 4

TH2

Question 5

what does TH2 do in asthma

Answer 5

releases cytokines to recruit eosinophils and mast cells

Question 6

which cytokines promote B cells to swap to IgE in asthma

Answer 6

IL-4 and IL-13

Question 7

what does IgE do in asthma

Answer 7

attach to mast cells via high-affinity receptors, which in turn release histamine, tryptase, prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C4

Question 8

remodelling in asthma

Answer 8

smooth muscle undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 9

common jobs associated with asthma

Answer 9

veterinary medicine and animal handling, bakery

wheat, rye) and laundry work (biological enzymes

Question 10

what levels are lowered in asthma

Answer 10

PEFR or FEV1

Question 11

major cause of COPD

Answer 11

smoking

Question 12

what might cause an earlier onset of COPD

Answer 12

α1-Antitrypsin deficiency

Question 13

chronic bronchitis affect on airway

Answer 13

hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands of the bronchial tree, bronchial wall inflammation and mucosal oedema = airway narrowing

Question 14

metaplasia in COPD

Answer 14

epithelial cell layer may ulcerate and, when the ulcers heal, squamous epithelium may replace columnar epithelium

Question 15

what is emphysema

Answer 15

dilatation and destruction of the lung tissue distal to the terminal bronchioles

Question 16

emphysema affect on airways

Answer 16

loss of elastic recoil, which normally keeps airways open during expiration; this is associated with expiratory airflow limitation and air trapping

Question 17

cigs affect on mucus

Answer 17

mucous gland hypertrophy in the larger airways leads to an increase in neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocyes These cells release inflammatory mediators (elastases, proteases, IL-1]and IL-8 and TNF-α break down connective tissue (protease–antiprotease imbalance) in the lung

Question 18

what can inactivate a atitrypsin

Answer 18

cigarrette smoke

Question 19

characteristic symptoms of COPD

Answer 19

cough with the production of sputum, wheeze and breathlessness

Question 20

why do you get a barrell chest in COPD

Answer 20

hyperinflation

Question 21

how do COPD people breath

Answer 21

Pursed lips on expiration help to prevent alveolar and airway collapse
Use of the accessory muscles

Question 22

what happens to the FEV1: FVC ratio in COPD

Answer 22

reduced