COPD Flashcards
1
Q
What changes occur in emphysema?
A
Affects functional loss of lungs e.g. alveoli
- loss of elastic fibres
- decreased surface area of alveoli = leads to potential collapse of alveoli
- Air trapping during exhale due to problem with recoil mechanism.
2
Q
What changes occur in chronic bronchitis?
A
- Problems along the airway tract e.g. bronchioles
◦ Small muscle hypertrophy & contraction
◦ Hypersecretion of mucus
3
Q
What are the management’s for COPD?
A
Chronic Management
- Bronchodilators - beta 2 agonists
- Leukotriene inhibitors
- Don’t give cough suppressants want to expel the mucus
- Often in late stages
Acute management
- Antibiotics for prophylaxis as ability to deal with infection is decreased
- Steroids - immunocompromised
- Oxygen
4
Q
What are the signs + symptoms of pneumonia?
what are the risk factors?
A
S+S
- Malaise
- confusion
- fever
- rigor
- tachycardia
- tachypnoea
- cough
- D+V
Risk factors
- > 65 y/o
- smoker
- malnourished
- immunocompromised
- certain medications
- recent resp infection
5
Q
What are the pulmonary defences?
A
- cough reflex
- mucocilliary apparatus = brush bacteria back up
- Alveoli macrophages - keep area sterile
- Mucus secretion - contain IgA antibody = helps to eliminate bacteria
- microflora of upper respiratory tract
- nose hair
6
Q
What causes impaired pulmonary defences?
A
- loss of cough reflex e.g. coma
- Injured mucosary apparatus
- Reduced alveolar macrophages e.g. alcohol, smoking
- pulmonary congestion/oedema
- accumulation of secretions e.g. cystic fibrosis
7
Q
When to hospitalise a patient with pneumonia?
A
CURB-65 Confusion Urea >7 mol (hypoxia O2 <90%) Respiratory alkalosis (RR >30) Blood Pressure <90 systolic >65 y/o
2 or more need to be hospitalised
