COPD Flashcards

1
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic respiratory condition characterised by non-reversible airflow obstruction caused by damage to lung tissue

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2
Q

What is the main cause of COPD?

A

Combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema as a result of smoking

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3
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

cough and sputum production on most days for at least 3 month during the last 2 years

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4
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Enlarged airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with the destruction of the alveolar walls

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5
Q

Is the airflow in COPD progressive?

A

Yes, it does not change markedly over several months and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung tissue to certain particles

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6
Q

What the the FEV1/FVC ratio that defines COPD patients?

A

< 70%, however, can be more if they also have signs and symptoms of COPD

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7
Q

What causes hypersecretion of mucus in COPD patients?

A

Marked hypertrophy of mucus-secreting glands and hyperplasia of goblet cells, which decreases the lumen size and increases the gas diffusion distance

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8
Q

what happens to the alveoli in COPD patients?

A

Abnormal dilation of the air spaces and destruction of alveolar walls

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9
Q

What happens to the lung tissue?

A

inflammation and scarring, which decreases the lumen of the airways and decreases lung elasticity

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10
Q

What happens to the epithelial layer in COPD patients?

A

becomes ulcerated and squamous epithelium may be replaced by columnar cells which increases the gas diffusion distance

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11
Q

What are the 3 main pathological effects of emphysema in COPD?

A

Loss of elasticity of the alveoli, inflammation and scarring and mucus hypersecretion

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12
Q

Emphysematous bullae form in COPD patients, what are they?

A

Large closed off air spaces with trapped air inside them

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13
Q

What are the 2 pathological effects of chronic bronchitis in COPD?

A

Enlargement in mucus-secreting glands, and increased number of goblet cells

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14
Q

What is the main cell involved in the inflammation seen in COPD?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

What are the effects of the inflammation seen in COPD?

A

scaring and fibrosis of the tissue which thickens the walls of the airway and reduces lumen size -> increases the gas diffusion distance

Bronchoconstriction

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16
Q

At what stage is the damage no longer reversible in COPD

A

When the larger airways become affected