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COPD > ABG > Flashcards

ABG Flashcards

1
Q

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Hypoxaemia (Pa02 <8kPA) with normocapnia (PaCO2 <6kPa)

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2
Q

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Hypoxaemia (Pa02 <8kPA) with hypercapnia (PaCO2 >6kPa)

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3
Q

What is type 1 respiratory failure due to

A

VQ mismatch - the volume of air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lung tissue

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4
Q

What are some conditions with decreased ventilation and normal perfusion?

A

pulmonary oedema, bronchoconstriction

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5
Q

What are some conditions with normal ventilation and decreased perfusion?

A

pulmonary embolism

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6
Q

What is type 2 respiratory failure due to?

A

Alveolar hypoventilation - unable to adequately oxygenate and eliminate CO2

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7
Q

What is a condition that causes type 2 resp failure due to increased resistance bc of airway obstruction?

A

COPD

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8
Q

What are conditions which causes type 2 resp failure due to decreased compliance of the lung tissue and chest wall?

A

pneumonia, rib fractures, obesity

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9
Q

What are conditions which cause type 2 resp failure due to decreased strength of respiratory muscles?

A

MND, also drugs acting on respiratory centre to reduce overall ventialtion

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10
Q

What is the effect of pH, CO2 and HCO3- in respiratory acidosis?

A

Decreased pH, increased CO2 and normal HCO3-

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11
Q

What is the effect of pH, CO2 and HCO3- in respiratory alkalosis?

A

increased pH, decreased CO2, normal HCO3-

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12
Q

What is the effect of pH, CO2 and HCO3- in respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation?

A

decreased or normal pH, increased CO2 and increased HCO3-

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13
Q

What is the effect of pH, CO2 and HCO3- in respiratory alkalosis with compensation?

A

pH increased or normal, CO2 decreased and increased HCO3-

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14
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

inadequate alveolar ventilation leading to CO2 retention

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15
Q

What is the cause of respiratory acidosis

A

Respiratory depression eg opiates asthma, COPD, guillain-barre latrogenic

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16
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis?

A

excessive alveolar ventilation, more CO2 than normal exhaled

17
Q

What is the cause of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Panic attacks, pain, hypoxia, PE, pneumothorax, latrogenic

18
Q

What is the effect of pH, CO2 and HCO3- in metabolic acidosis?

A

decreased pH, decreased HCO3-, CO2 normal

19
Q

What is the effect of pH, CO2 and HCO3- in metabolic alkalosis?

A

increase pH, increased HCO3-, normal CO2

20
Q

What is the effect of pH, CO2 and HCO3- in metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation?

A

decreased pH, decreased CO2, decreased HC03-

21
Q

What is the effect of pH, CO2 and HCO3- in metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation?

A

increased pH, increased CO2, increased HCO3-

22
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

Increased acid production/acid ingestion OR decreased acid excretion/increased rat of GI and renal HCO3- loss

23
Q

what are the causes of a high anion gap?

A

due to increased production/ingestion or reduced excretion of H+ by the kidneys: diabetic ketoacidosis. Lactic acidosis, aspirin overdose, renal failure

24
Q

what are the causes of a low anion gap?

A

(due to loss of HCO3-, which is replaced by Cl in plasma: GI loss of HCO3-, renal tubular disease, Addison’s disease

25
Q

what is an anion gap?

A

artificial measure to determine presence of unmeasured anions e.g. albumin

26
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis?

A

decreased H+ conc. leading to increased bicarbonate

27
Q

what are the causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

GI loss of H+ ions e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea, renal loss of H+ ions e.g. loop and thiazide diuretics, heart failure, cirrhosis, latrogenic

28
Q

What are the ph, Co2 and HCO3- in mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis?

A

decreased pH, increase CO2, decreased HCO3-

29
Q

What are the ph, Co2 and HCO3- in mixed respiratory and metabolic alkalosis?

A

decreased pH, decreased CO2, increased HCO3-

30
Q

What are some conditions where you would see mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis?

A

cardiac arrest, multi-organ failure

COPD (8 decks)

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