Coordination & Response

Question 1

Stimulus

Answer 1

A change in the internal or external environment

Question 2

Receptor

Answer 2

Detects stimuli - groups of cells located in sense organs such as rods and cones

Question 3

Effector

Answer 3

Cell that brings about a response to stimuli: muscle cells for nervous system, glands for endocrine system

Question 4

Nervous system

Answer 4

All nerves in body.

Question 5

CNS

Answer 5

Central Nervous System, brain and spinal cord only

Question 6

3 types of neurone

Answer 6

Sensory, relay, motor

Question 7

Reflex arc:

Answer 7

1. Receptor detects stimulus
2. Sends electrical impulses along sensory neurones to CNS
3. CNS passes on message to relay neurone
4. Relay neurone relay impulse to motor neurone
5. Impulse travels to effector along motor neurone
6. Effector responds accordingly

Question 8

What is needed for coordinated response?

Answer 8

Stimulus, receptor, effector

Question 9

What do reflexes do?

Answer 9

Prevent injury, don’t wait for brain to decide

Question 10

Synapse

Answer 10

Connection between two neurones

Question 11

Neurotransmitters at synapse:

Answer 11

1. Impulse comes in and triggers release of vesicle
2. Vesicle fuses with synaptic membrane.
3. Neurotransmitters released.
4. They diffuse across synaptic cleft.
5. They bind to complementary receptors.
6. Stimulates production of new impulse.

Question 12

Conjunctiva

Answer 12

Lubricates and protects surface of the eye

Question 13

Sclera

Answer 13

Tough outer layer that protects the eye

Question 14

Cornea

Answer 14

Refracts light into eye, transparent, oxygen diffuses as no blood vessels

Question 15

Iris

Answer 15

Controls diameter of pupil and therefore how much light enters eye

Question 16

Pupil

Answer 16

Hole in middle that allows light in

Question 17

Lens

Answer 17

Focuses light onto retina

Question 18

Retina

Answer 18

Light-sensitive part of eye, covered in rods and cones

Question 19

Fovea

Answer 19

Area with loads of cones

Question 20

Optic nerve

Answer 20

Carries impulses from receptors to brain

Question 21

Reflex in bright light

Answer 21

Circular muscle contracts, makes pupil smaller

Question 22

Reflex in dim light

Answer 22

Radial muscle contracts, makes pupil bigger

Question 23

Accomodation for far objects

Answer 23

Ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments pull tight, lens goes thin, refracts light by smaller amount

Question 24

Accomodation for near objects

Answer 24

Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments slacken, lens becomes fat, increases amound by which it refracts light

Question 25

Andrenaline SRE:

Answer 25

S: Adrenal glands
R: Fight or flight
E: Increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles

Question 26

Insulin SRE

Answer 26

S: Pancreas
R: Blood sugar level control
E: Stimulates liver to turn glucose into glycogen

Question 27

Testosterone SRE

Answer 27

S: Testes
R: Male sex hormone
E: Promotes secondary male characteristics

Question 28

Progesterone SRE

Answer 28

S: Ovaries
R: Supports pregnancy
E: Maintains lining of uterus

Question 29

Oestrogen SRE

Answer 29

S: Ovaries
R: Female sex hormone
E: Promotes secondary female characteristics, menstrual cycle control

Question 30

ADH SRE

Answer 30

S: Pituitary gland
R: Controls water content
E: Increases permeability of kidney tubules

Question 31

FSH SRE

Answer 31

S: Pituitary gland
R: Female sex hormone
E: Causes egg to mature, stimulates ovaries to produces oestrogen

Question 32

LH SRE

Answer 32

S: Pituitary gland
R: Female sex hormone
E: Stimulates release of egg from ovary

Question 33

Hormones

Answer 33

Chemicals released directly into blood, carried in blood plasma

Question 34

Hormones

Answer 34

Slower, long-lasting effects, general

Question 35

Nerves

Answer 35

Faster, short-term effects, specific